Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute für Bienenforschung e.V - 19., 20. und 21. März 2013 Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für ...
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60. Tagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft
der Institute für Bienenforschung e.V.
19., 20. und 21. März 2013
Universität Würzburg
Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie
Inhalt
Willkommen ........................................................................................ 3
Programm ........................................................................................... 4
Hauptvorträge ................................................................................... 10
Symposia ........................................................................................... 11
1. Honig- & Wildbienenökologie ................................... 11
2. Pflanzenschutz & Bestäubung................................... 14
3. Physiologie & Verhalten ........................................... 18
4. Bienenpathologie ..................................................... 23
5. Bienenprodukte & Sonstiges .................................... 29
6. Genetik & Zucht........................................................ 33
Posterpräsentationen ........................................................................ 37
1. Honig- & Wildbienenökologie ................................... 37
2. Pflanzenschutz & Bestäubung................................... 43
3. Physiologie & Verhalten ........................................... 46
4. Bienenpathologie ..................................................... 56
5. Bienenprodukte & Sonstiges .................................... 65
6. Genetik & Zucht........................................................ 71
Lageplan: Campus Am Hubland ......................................................... 76
2
Willkommen
Liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,
es ist uns ein besonderes Vergnügen die diesjährige 60. Jahrestagung der
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Institute für Bienenforschung hier an der Universität Würzburg
zu organisieren. Bienenforschung hat in Würzburg eine lange Tradition und ist nach wie
vor ein wichtiger Bestandteil in Lehre und Forschung. In dem neuen SFB “Insect timing:
mechanisms, plasticity and interactions” beschreiten wir am Biozentrum neue Wege in
der Kooperation zwischen Ökologen, Neurobiologen und Verhaltensphysiologen mit der
Honigbiene als wichtigem Modellorganismus.
In diesem Jahr wird ein Schwerpunkt der Tagung, entsprechend unserer Ausrichtung, auf
der Ökologie von Honig- und Wildbienen liegen. Für die Hauptvorträge konnten wir Prof.
Dr. Alexandra-Maria Klein, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, sowie Prof. Dr. Koos
Biesmeijer, Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, gewinnen. Ihre Vorträge werden sich mit
den Ursachen für den Rückgang von Honig– und Wildbienen sowie den Konsequenzen für
die Bestäubung von Kulturpflanzen durch Bienen befassen.
Als Veranstalter der 60. Jahrestagung möchten wir Sie herzlich in Würzburg begrüßen. Wir
hoffen auf einen angenehmen Aufenthalt und eine wissenschaftlich und persönlich
bereichernde Tagung. Bitte genießen Sie neben den spannenden Vorträgen und Postern
die fränkische Kultur, sei es das UNESO Weltkulturerbe Residenz Würzburg oder ein guter
Tropfen Wein. Wir freuen uns auf eine interessante und informative Tagung, lebhafte
Diskussionen und den persönlichen Austausch mit Ihnen.
Würzburg, im März 2013
Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter Stephan Härtel
3Programm
Dienstag, 19.03.2013
13.00h Begrüßung
14.00h Hauptvortrag: Bienenvielfalt für die Bestäubung von Kulturpflanzen
Alexandra-Maria Klein (Leuphana Universität Lüneburg)
Session 1: Honig- & Wildbienenökologie (Chair: Rob Paxton)
15.00h SB Impact of mass flowering oilseed rape on pollen foraging of honey bees -
Einfluss der Massentracht Raps auf das Pollensammelverhalten von
Honigbienen
Nadja Danner, S. Härtel, I. Steffan-Dewenter (Würzburg, ZOO III)
15.15h SB The influence of oilseed rape on pollinators and the pollination of wildplants
on seminatural grassland - Der Einfluss von Raps auf Bestäuber und die
Bestäubung von Wildpflanzen auf Magerrasen
Daniela Carstens, V. Riedinger, I. Steffan-Dewenter, A. Holzschuh (Würzburg,
ZOO III)
15.30h SB Sown flower strips as measure to enhance pollinators in agricultural
landscapes. Blühstreifen als Maßnahme zur Förderung von Bestäubern in
Agrarlandschaften
Béatrice Portail, V. Riedinger, I. Steffan-Dewenter, A. Holzschuh (Würzburg,
ZOO III)
15.45h Wild bees must be considered in the case of project and management plans
in habitats – a case study - Wildbienen müssen Berücksichtigung auch bei
Eingriffen und Pflegemaßnahmen in Lebensräume finden – ein Fallbeispiel
Otto Boecking, M. Schreiber (Celle)
16.00h Kaffeepause
Session 2: Pflanzenschutz & Bestäubung (Chair: Klaus Wallner)
16.30h SB BICOPOLL - Targeted precision biocontrol and pollination enhancement in
organic cropping systems - Flying doctors zur Grauschimmelbekämpfung und
als Bestäuber im ökologischen Erdbeeranbau – erste Untersuchungsergebnisse
im BICOPOLL Projekt
Victoria Kreipe, O. Boecking (Celle)
16.45h An interim report of a field study of bee colonies chronically fed with 200 or
2000ppb of thiacloprid - Zwischenergebnisse eines Langzeitfeldversuchs mit
Bienenvölkern, die mit 200 oder 2000ppb Thiacloprid haltigem Zuckersirup
gefüttert wurden
Reinhold Siede, L. Faust, C. Maus, M. Meixner, B. Grünewald, R. Büchler
(Kirchhain, Oberursel)
417.00h SB Neonicotinoids interfere with navigation in honeybees - Neonicotinoide
beeinflussen die Navigation von Honigbienen
Johannes Fischer, T. Müller, A.-K. Spatz, U. Greggers, B. Grünewald, R. Menzel
(FU Berlin; Oberursel)
17.15h SB Effects of the neurotoxic insecticide thiacloprid on the flight behavior of
honeybees - Effekte des neurotoxischen Insektizides Thiacloprid auf das
Flugverhalten von Honigbienen
Lena Faust, J. Hahn, B. Grünewald (Oberursel)
17.30h Interactions between microsporidia, viruses and pesticides in larvae and
adult honey bees - Interaktionen zwischen Mikrosporidien, Viren und Pestizide
bei ihrem Einfluss auf Larven und erwachsenen Honigbienen
Vincent Doublet, M. Labarussias, M.E. Natsopoulou, J. Steinberg, A. Miertsch,
J.R. de Miranda, R.J. Paxton (Halle, Allg. Zool.; Uppsala)
17.45h SB Synergistic effects of Nosema ceranae and sublethal doses of Thiacloprid, τ-
Fluvalinate and Clothianidin on bees (Apis mellifera L.) in mating hives
Synergistische Effekte von Nosema ceranae und subletalen Dosen von
Thiacloprid, τ-Fluvalinat und Clothianidin auf Bienenvölker (Apis mellifera L.) im
Kieler Begattungskästchen
Richard Odemer, T. Stahl, P. Rosenkranz (Hohenheim)
18.00h Wein- und Sektempfang mit freundlicher Unterstützung der LWG
Veitshöchheim und dem Fränkischen Weinbauverband e.V.
19.00h Mitgliederversammlung (nicht öffentlich, Raum 2.013)
Mittwoch, 20.03.2013
08.30h Bericht der Mitgliederversammlung
09.00h Hauptvortrag: Pollinator declines in Europe: patterns and drivers
Koos Biesmeijer (Leiden, The Netherlands)
Session 3: Physiologie & Verhalten (Chair: Michael Lattorff)
10.00h SB Trans-generational immune priming in honeybees –
Generationsübergreifende Immunisierung bei Honigbienen
Javier Hernández-López, W. Schuehly, U. Riessberger-Gallé, K. Crailsheim
(Graz)
10.15h SB Dose-dependent effects of transgenic pollen on honey bee larvae -
Dosisabhängige Auswirkungen transgener Pollen auf Honigbienenlarven
Karin Steijven, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S. Härtel (Würzburg, ZOO III)
10.30h Kaffeepause
511.00h SB Experiments on the choice of water foraging honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
under semi-field conditions - Versuche zum Wahlverhalten von Wasser
sammelnden Bienen (Apis mellifera L.) im Halbfreiland
Jana Reetz, K. Wallner (Hohenheim)
11.15h Proteins of royal jelly: evolution and function in social insects - Proteine des
Weiselfuttersaftes: Evolution und Funktion bei den sozialen Insekten
Stefan Albert, J. Spaethe, K. Grübel, W. Rössler (Würzburg, ZOO II)
11.30hSB Fertility of honeybee workers is mediated by Epidermal Growth Factor
Receptor (EGFR) - Die Fruchtbarkeit von Honigbienenarbeiterinnen wird durch
EGFR (Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor) vermittelt
E.M. Formesyn, D. Cardoen, Ulli Ernst, E. Danneels, M. Van Vaerenbergh, D. De
Koker, P. Verleyen, T. Wenseleers, L. Schoofs, D.C. de Graaf (Ghent, Leuven)
11.45h Conditioning of honeybee colony on TNT and DNT scent - Konditionierung von
Honigbienen Völkern auf TNT und DNT Duft
Nikola Kezić, M. Janeš, J. Filipi, M. Dražić, K. Crailsheim, Y. Leconte, N. Pavković
(Zagreb, Knin, Graz, Avignon)
12.00h SB The upper lethal temperature of Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. ligustica
Die obere Lethaltemperatur von Apis mellifera carnica und A. m. ligustica
Helmut Kovac, A. Stabentheiner, C. Costa (Graz, Bologna)
12.15h Advances in the cryopreservation of honey bee drone semen
Fortschritte bei der Kryokonservierung von Drohnensperma
Jakob Wegener, T. May, G. Kamp, K. Bienefeld (Hohen Neuendorf, Mainz)
12:30h Mittagspause
14.-16:00h Poster Session mit Kaffee
16.15h Bus Abfahrt zur Residenzführung
16:45h Residenzführung
18:15h Weinprobe: Bürgerspital Weinstuben
19.00h Gesellschaftsabend: Bürgerspital Weinstuben
Donnerstag, 21.03.2013
Session 4: Bienenpathologie (Chair: Marc Schäfer)
09.00h Coordinated treatment of Varroa destructor to reduce reinvasion -
Koordinierte Bekämpfung von Varroa destructor zur Reduktion der Reinvasion
Jochen Pflugfelder (Liebefeld)
609:15h Function and efficacy of the Varroa-Gate, a device in the hive entrance for
the control of Varroa destructor infestations in honey bees. - Funktion und
Wirkungsweise des Varroa-Gates, einer Fluglochapplikation zur Kontrolle von
Varroa destructor Infestationen bei Honigbienen
G. Koeniger, Nikolaus Koeniger, B. Grünewald, K. Krieger (Oberursel,
BAYER/Monheim)
09:30h Do not fight against Varroa - get rid of it! - Warum Varroa bekämpfen, wenn
Bienenhaltung ohne Varroa möglich ist?
Heikki M.T. Hokkanen, I Menzler-Hokkanen (Helsinki)
09.45h SB DWV/VDV-1 and overwinter colony losses in Germany - DWV/VDV-1 und
Winterverluste bei Honigbienenkolonien in Deutschland
Myrsini E. Natsopoulou, D.P. McMahon, V. Doublet, V. Maibach, E. Frey, P.
Rosenkranz, R.J. Paxton (Halle, Allg. Zool.; Hohenheim)
10.00h SB Comparison of colony health in wild and managed honeybees
Vergleich des Virenbefalls zwischen wilden Honigbienen und Imkerbienen
Matthias Y. Mueller, B.F. Kraus, R.F.A. Moritz (Halle, Mol. Ökol.)
10.15h Comparison of the efficacy of Formic Acid 60% and 85% as Varroa treatment
applied in two different evaporation systems. - Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von
Ameisensäure 60% und 85% zur Varroabekämpfung in zwei verschiedenen
Verdunstungssystemen.
Peter Rosenkranz, P. Aumeier, S. Berg, O. Boecking, R. Büchler, W. Kirchner,
T. Kustermann, C. Otten, A. Reichart, W. von der Ohe (Bochum, Celle,
Hohenheim, Kirchhain, Mayen, Veitshöchheim)
10.30h Kaffeepause
11.00h SB Infestation of midgut epithelium in Nosema tolerant and susceptible honey
bee strains towards N. ceranae infections - Infestation des Mitteldarm
Epitheliums in Nosema toleranten und anfälligen Honigbienen Stämmen bei N.
ceranae Infektionen
Q. Huang, Christoph Kurze, R.F.A. Moritz (Halle, Mol. Ökol.)
11.15h Winter mortality, varroa control, viruses, Nosema spp., a retrospective study
2010-2012 in the Netherlands – Winter-Mortalität, Varroa Kontrolle, Viren und
Nosema – eine retrospektive Studie 2010-2012 in den Niederlanden
Sjef van der Steen, B. Cornelissen, C Hokahin (Wageningen)
11.30h SB Different strategies of Paenibacillus larvae to evade the immune response of
honey bee larvae - Verschiedene Strategien von Paenibacillus larvae die
immune Reaktion der Honigbienenlarve zu umgehen
Gillian Hertlein, L. Poppinga, E. Garcia-Gonzalez, A. Fünfhaus, K. Hedtke, E.
Genersch (Hohen Neuendorf)
711.45h SB Annotation of genes encoding G-protein-coupled receptors for biogenic
amines in the parasitic mite Varroa destructor - Annotation von Genen für G-
Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren für biogene Amine in der parasitischen Milbe
Varroa destructor
Sebastian Wernig, W. Blenau (Oberursel)
12.00h Mittagspause
Session 5: Bienenprodukte & Sonstiges (Chair: Ingrid Illies)
13.15 Comparison of new computer methods for honeybee colony assessment – Ein
Vergleich neuer Bildverarbeitungsmethoden zur Abschätzung der Koloniegröße
von Honigbienen
Markus Wang, L. Brewer (Heidelberg)
13.30h The same procedure as every year? Comparison between the years 2011 and
2012 of FitBee Module 5 - Gleiche Ergebnisse bei gleicher Vorgehensweise?
Vergleich 2011 & 2012 des FitBee Moduls 5
W. von der Ohe, Dorothee J. Lüken (Celle)
13.45h Is drone brood removal an efficient treatment against Varroa? - Ist die
Entnahme von Drohnenbrut eine Effiziente Methode gegen Varroa?
Manuel Tritschler (Monheim)
14.00h The pollinator discussion in Brazil - consequences for us
Die Bestäuber-Diskussion in Brasilien – Konsequenzen für uns
Wolf Engels (Tübingen, São Paulo)
14.15h SB Effective harvesting methods for propolis in Germany: A field-trial
Effektive Propolisernte in Deutschland: Ein Praxistest
Nadine Kunz, A. Schroeder (Hohenheim)
14.30h Project „Healthy Colonies“ – How may an improved consultation of
beekeepers look like? - Projekt „Gesunde Bienenvölker“ – Wie kann eine
verbesserte Beratung von Imkern aussehen?
Gefion Brunnemann-Stubbe, V. Poker, R. Büchler (Kirchhain)
Session 6: Genetik & Zucht (Chair: Helge Schlüns)
14.45h SB Spatial and temporal expression patterns of serotonin receptor subtypes in
the honeybee, Apis mellifera - Räumliche und zeitliche Expressionsmuster von
Serotonin-Rezeptor-Subtypen der Honigbiene, Apis mellifera
Daniel Rolke, M. Thamm, W. Blenau (Oberursel, Potsdam)
15.00h SB Colony performance, behavior and disease susceptibility of two genotypes
from Apis mellifera macedonica population in the Republic of Macedonia -
Leistung, Verhalten und Krankheitsanfälligkeit zwei verschiedener Apis
mellifera macedonica Genotypen in der Republik Mazedonien
Aleksandar Uzunov, R. Büchler (Skopje, Kirchhain)
815.15h Adaptive Evolution of RNAi Genes in Bumblebees - Adaptive Evolution von
RNAi Genen bei Hummeln
H. Michael G. Lattorff, S. Helbing (Halle, Physiol., Halle, Mol. Ökol.)
15.30h Using DNA pools for genotyping colonies of the honeybee Apis mellifera with
microsatellite DNA. - Nutzung von DNA-pools zur Genotypisierung von Honig-
bienenkolonien, Apis mellifera, mit Microsatellite DNA.
Nadège Forfert, E.A. Schlüns, O.R. Paniti-Teleky, E.M. Furdui, D.S. Dezmirean,
R.F.A. Moritz (Cluj-Napoca, Osnabrück, Halle, Mol. Ökol.)
15.45h Evenius-Preisverleihung und Verabschiedung
9Hauptvorträge
Wir freuen uns Ihnen zwei interessante Hauptvorträge ankündigen zu können:
Bienenvielfalt für die Bestäubung von Kulturpflanzen
Prof. Dr. Alexandra Klein, Institut für Ökologie, Leuphana Universität
Lüneburg
Der Rückgang der Imkerei und die Zunahme an Völkerverlusten in vielen Regionen der
Welt führen zu allgemeinen Befürchtungen über Bestäubungsdefizite für
landwirtschaftliche Kulturen.
In meinem Vortrag werde ich zeigen, wie sich die Produktion von bestäubungsabhängigen
Kulturen regional und global entwickelt und die Bedeutung der Bestäubung im Hinblick zu
anderen produktionssteigernden Maßnahmen betrachten. Weiter werde ich zeigen,
welche Insektengruppen zur Bestäubung beitragen und wie die
Bestäubungsmechanismen aussehen. Dabei werde ich auch auf die Gefährdungsursachen
von Bienen und anderen bestäubenden Insekten eingehen.
Anhand verschiedener Beispiele zur Kulturpflanzenbestäubung werde ich verdeutlichen,
warum nicht nur die Europäische Honigbiene, sondern auch Wildbienen und andere
Insekten, benötigt werden, um die Bestäubungsleistung in landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen
zu sichern. Der Hauptfokus wird dabei auf neuen Ergebnissen zur Mandelbestäubung in
Kalifornien liegen, aber auch andere Kulturpflanzen und deren Bestäuber-
Lebensgemeinschaften aus den Tropen und gemäßigten Breiten werden angesprochen
und globale Muster zu Bestäubungsdefiziten und deren Ursachen aufgezeigt.
Der Vortrag richtet sich an ein breites Publikum verschiedener Interessensgruppen (u.a.
Studenten, Wissenschaftler und Imker), mit dem Ziel, die Bedeutung der Honigbiene und
Wildbienen für die Kulturpflanzenbestäubung besser zu verstehen.
Pollinator declines in Europe: patterns and drivers
Dr. Koos Biesmeijer, Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden
There is some evidence for declines or at least shifts in wild pollinators and managed
honeybees in Europe. However, reports are often very local and always very clear. We
have gathered data from the last 60yrs and three countries to see how wild bees have
changed in W-Europe. Analyzing the causes of these changes is even more difficult, but
with an active European research community and good collaboration we manage step-by-
step to get better understanding of how and why pollinators are changing in Europe. This
knowledge is needed to be able to design management measures that can help to
maintain bees in our landscapes that can continue to provide their important pollination
services in the future.
10Symposia
1. Honig- & Wildbienenökologie
1.1 Impact of mass flowering oilseed rape on pollen foraging of honey
bees - Einfluss der Massentracht Raps auf das Pollen-Sammelverhalten
von Honigbienen
Nadja Dannerˢ, S. Härtel, I. Steffan-Dewenter (Würzburg, ZOO III)
Pollen traps or honey are often used for determining the spectrum of bee visited plant
species. However, important aspects of honey bee ecology such as foraging distances of
colonies and exact locations of visited flower sources cannot be addressed by these
methods. Data on foraging distances are essential to assess the potential exposure of
honey bee colonies to threats related to intensively managed mass flowering crop fields.
Decoding the waggle dance provides a unique possibility to systematically analyze honey
bee resource use at a landscape scale because the vast majority of forager trips are
guided through this unique behavior. While mass flowering oilseed rape is known to be an
attractive nectar and pollen source, there is no information about possible differences in
pollen foraging distances and the relative attractiveness of oilseed rape compared to wild
flower sources available. We chose 16 landscapes in the surrounding of Würzburg,
Germany, with independent gradients according to area of oilseed rape and semi-natural
habitat in a 2 km radius. In the centre of each landscape observation hives were placed
and regularly rotated among sites during and after bloom of oilseed rape. Waggle dances
of pollen foragers were observed for 90 minutes per colony within one observation cycle
during several consecutive days, followed by rotation of all hives and the next observation
cycle (8 in total). By using this experimental approach on a landscape scale, we answer
the following questions: how does oilseed rape cover influence pollen foraging distances
and used pollen diversity of honey bee colonies? How important are semi-natural habitats
concerning pollen foraging and is there a difference between seasons? Our results will
give first insights of how a mass flowering crop influences honey bee pollen foraging
ecology. We further discuss the potential exposure of honey bee colonies to crop pollen
contaminated by pesticides in intensively used agricultural landscapes.
1.2 The influence of oilseed rape on pollinators and the pollination of
wildplants on seminatural grassland - Der Einfluss von Raps auf
Bestäuber und die Bestäubung von Wildpflanzen auf Magerrasen
Daniela Carstensˢ, V. Riedinger, I. Steffan-Dewenter, A. Holzschuh (Würzburg, ZOO III)
Bienen spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die Bestäubung von Wild- und Kulturpflanzen.
Dabei kann es zur Konkurrenz zwischen den Massentrachten in der Agrarlandschaft und
Wildpflanzen in naturnahen Habitaten um Bestäuber kommen. Im Rahmen des EU-
Projektes STEP wurde der Einfluss der Rapsanbaufläche auf die
11Blütenbesuchergemeinschaften und den Samenansatz der beiden Wildpflanzen
Hippocrepis comosa und Thymus praecox auf 16 Magerrasen im Raum Würzburg
untersucht. Mit Bestäuberausschluss-Experimenten wurde zunächst die Abhängigkeit der
Pflanzen von Insektenbestäubung überprüft. Des Weiteren wurden bei Transektgängen
(150 m²) die Abundanz von solitären Wildbienen, Hummeln und Honigbienen auf den
Fokuspflanzen erfasst. Für H. comosa wurden die Aufnahmen während und nach der
Rapsblüte durchgeführt, für T. praecox erst nach der Rapsblüte. Zusätzlich wurde der
Anteil an Raps in 1 km Radius um die Versuchsflächen bestimmt. Es konnte bestätigt
werden, dass H. comosa allein von Insektenbestäubung abhängt, da unter
Bestäuberausschluss keine Früchte gebildet wurden. Bei T. praecox führte der
Bestäuberausschluss zu niedrigeren Samenzahlen pro Blütenkelch im Vergleich zu offen
bestäubten Pflanzen. Mit zunehmendem Rapsanteil in der Landschaft nahm die Abundanz
der Wildbienen auf H. comosa unabhängig vom Zeitpunkt ab. Bei den Hummeln spielte
der Zeitpunkt der Beobachtung eine Rolle. Während der Rapsblüte nahm die Abundanz
der Hummeln mit dem Rapsanteil ab, nach der Rapsblüte führte ein höherer Rapsanteil zu
einer höheren Abundanz auf H. comosa. Die Abundanz der Bienen auf T. praecox wurde
nicht durch den Rapsanteil in der Landschaft beeinflusst. Folglich kann ein erhöhter
Rapsanteil dazu führen, dass Bestäuber den Magerrasen fern bleiben und vermehrt die
Massentracht nutzen. Die Auswirkungen dieser möglichen Konkurrenz um Bestäuber auf
den Samenansatz und damit die Fitness von Wildpflanzen muss noch näher untersucht
werden.
1.3 Sown flower strips as measure to enhance pollinators in
agricultural landscapes - Blühstreifen als Maßnahme zur Förderung von
Bestäubern in Agrarlandschaften
Béatrice Portailˢ, V. Riedinger, I. Steffan-Dewenter, A. Holzschuh (Würzburg, ZOO III )
Die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft führt zum Verlust von Bestäubern in
Agrarlandschaften. Agrarumweltmaßnahmen, beispielsweise die Anlage von Blühstreifen,
soll dem entgegen wirken. Die Bedeutung von ausgesäten Blühstreifen im Vergleich zu
Ackerrandstreifen für Bienen ist dabei nur unzureichend bekannt. Auch die umgebende
Landschaft kann die Effektivität von Blühstreifen beeinflussen. Um diese Fragestellungen
zu untersuchen wurden 2011 im Rahmen des EU-Projektes STEP (Status and Trends of
European Pollinators) acht 300 m² große Blühstreifen im Raum Würzburg ausgesät. In
jeder der acht Untersuchungsgebiete wurde 2012 die Abundanz und Artenvielfalt von
Honigbienen, Hummeln und solitären Wildbienen auf dem angelegten Blühstreifen und
als Kontrolle auf Ackerrandstreifen bei Transektbegehungen erfasst. Als zusätzliche
Kontrolle wurde in acht weiteren Landschaften ohne angelegte Blühstreifen jeweils ein
Ackerrandstreifen untersucht. Außerdem wurde der Anteil von naturnahen Habitaten und
Rapsfeldern in 1 km Radius um die Untersuchungsflächen berechnet.
Es wurden signifikant mehr solitäre Wildbienen auf den Blühstreifen im Vergleich zu den
Ackerrandstreifen erfasst. Unabhängig vom untersuchten Habitat wurden nach dem
Verblühen des Rapses mehr Hummeln in Landschaften gezählt, die eine hohe
Rapsanbaufläche aufwiesen. Mit zunehmendem Anteil an naturnahen Habitaten nahm
12die Gesamtzahl der Bestäuber auf den verschiedenen Habitaten ab. Dies zeigt, dass
angelegte Blühstreifen sowie ungenutzte Ackerrandstreifen attraktiver werden, wenn der
Anteil an naturnahen Lebensräumen abnimmt. Bei der Etablierung von Blühstreifen sollte
deshalb die umgebende Landschaft berücksichtigt werden.
1.4 Wild bees must be considered in the case of project and
management plans in habitats – a case study - Wildbienen müssen
Berücksichtigung auch bei Eingriffen und Pflegemaßnahmen in
Lebensräume finden – ein Fallbeispiel
Otto Boecking, M. Schreiber (Celle)
Wildbienen sind aufgrund ihrer oft sehr engen Bindung an bestimmte Pflanzen und
spezifischen Nistplatzwahl besonders für die Bewertung von Lebensräumen geeignet.
Oligolektische Arten, wie Colletes succinctus und Andrena fuscipes, die ihren Pollen zur
Versorgung ihrer Larven ausschließlich an Heidekrautgewächsen und hier insbesondere
an Caluna vulgaris sammeln, übernehmen für Heiden als charakteristische Arten und als
Bestäuber eine besondere Schlüsselfunktion. Am Beispiel einer geplanten
Pflegemaßnahme an einer isoliert gelegenen Heidefläche, die den negativen Einfluss von
atmogenen Nährstoffeinträgen reduzieren soll, wird gezeigt, dass die Belange der
Wildbienen berücksichtigt werden müssen. Eine Erfassung der Wildbienen während der
Heideblüte entlang eines zuvor festgelegten Linientransektes zeigte, dass beide für
Heiden charakteristischen Wildbienenarten angetroffen wurden. Ebenso deren
Kuckucksbienen Epeolus cruciger und Nomada rufipes. Insgesamt waren jedoch nur sehr
geringe Individuenzahlen nachweisbar und das Wirt-Parasit Verhältnis zu Gunsten der
Parasiten verschoben. Pflegemaßnahmen, die für Heideflächen in der Beweidung, Mahd,
oberflächlichem Abbrennen oder Schoppern und Abplaggen bestehen können, stellen für
die charakteristischen Tierarten der Heiden gleichzeitig einen massiven Eingriff und
fundamentale Veränderungen bzw. Zerstörung ihres Lebensraumes über Jahre hinweg
dar. Die Ansprüche der lokalen Wildbienenpopulationen müssten bei der Planung
jeglicher zukünftiger Pflegemaßnahme der Heidefläche mitberücksichtigt werden, wie es
an diesem Fallbeispiel belegen ist. Ansonsten würden der Rest der lokalen
Wildbienenpopulationen womöglich ausgelöscht werden.
132. Pflanzenschutz & Bestäubung
2.1 BICOPOLL - Targeted precision biocontrol and pollination
enhancement in organic cropping systems - Flying doctors zur
Grauschimmelbekämpfung und als Bestäuber im ökologischen
Erdbeeranbau – erste Untersuchungsergebnisse im BICOPOLL Projekt
Victoria Kreipeˢ, O. Boecking (Celle)
Organic berry and fruit production suffers heavily from the lack of effective disease and
pest management tools, and from inadequate insect pollination at times. As a
consequence, the expanding demand on organic berries cannot be filled today. BICOPOLL
expects to change this, and to significantly improve the yield and quality of organic fruit
and berry production and thus, farm economics. We will use bees to (i) target deliver
biological control agents to the flowers of the target crops to provide control of problem
diseases, and to (ii) improve the pollination of organic horticultural crops. We will provide
a pan-European case study on protecting organic strawberry from its most important
disease, the grey mould. We will improve the efficiency of the entomovector technology
via innovative research on bee management, manipulation of bee behavior, components
of the cropping system, and on the plant-pathogen-vector-antagonist–system, and will
investigate possibilities of expanding the use of the concept into other organic berry and
fruit growing systems. This is a highly innovative approach to solving some of the most
difficult disease and pest problems in organic berry and fruit production, offering
solutions in areas where no solutions as yet exist.
2.2 An interim report of a field study of bee colonies chronically fed
with 200 or 2000ppb of thiacloprid - Zwischenergebnisse eines
Langzeitfeldversuchs mit Bienenvölkern, die mit 200 oder 2000ppb
Thiacloprid haltigem Zuckersirup gefüttert wurden.
Reinhold Siede, L. Faust, C. Maus, M. Meixner, B. Grünewald, R. Büchler (Kirchhain,
Oberursel)
Some neonicotinoides are highly toxic to honeybees. However, cyano-substituted
compounds as thiacloprid are intrinsically less toxic. Laboratory assays have shown that
bees can effectively detoxify thiacloprid. However, there are concerns about potential
long-term effects on the colonies under field conditions. To identify potential hazards
colonies were chronically fed with sublethal concentrations of thiacloprid and observed
for 10 months. We report results from the first 2 years from a planned period of 3 years.
In July 2011 and July 2012, respectively, 30 colonies were started from shook swarms,
divided into three groups with ten colonies each, and migrated to an experimental yard.
Five times per autumn they were provided with sugar syrup containing either 200 ppb or
2000 ppb thiacloprid or syrup alone (control). Every 3 weeks the colonies were weighed,
14their brood area measured and their strengths estimated. Dead bees were counted in
entrance traps. Honey and bee bread were sampled two times per year for analyzing
residues of thiacloprid using LC-MS/MS. At the end of the feeding periods differences
between groups in number of bees and brood per colony were low (means from 2011:
control: 13,200 bees; 3,462 brood cells; 200ppb: 11,980; 3,503; 2000ppb: 11,133; 2,543;
means from 2012: control: 8,590; 2,403; 200ppb: 9,175; 1,792; 2000ppb: 8,075; 2,243).
The data will be statistically analyzed with linear mixed models. Residues of thiacloprid in
honey did not significantly correlate with the number of bees, of brood and dead bees
(spearman rang correlation, p≥0.09, 90 observations). No winter loss occurred. So far our
study does not indicate that colony vitality parameters are affected by a long-term
feeding with 200 or 2000ppb thiacloprid. This study is part of the FITBEE-project
supported by funds of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer
Protection (BMELV) via the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) under the
innovation support program.
2.3 Neonicotinoids interfere with navigation in honeybees -
Neonicotinoide beeinflussen die Navigation von Honigbienen
Johannes FischerS, T. Müller, A.-K. Spatz, U. Greggers, B. Grünewald, R. Menzel
(Oberursel, Berlin)
Honeybees may encounter a variety of harmful chemicals during foraging. Among them
are the neonicotinoid insecticides that are widely used in agriculture. They act as agonists
of the insect acetylcholine receptor and are supposed to have only minor effects on the
mammalian central nervous system, and are, thus, regarded harmless to humans and
farm animals. Bees that were exposed to non-lethal doses of different neonicotinoids
show various influences on behavior or motor activity, depending on the encountered
substance. We investigated the influences of the neonicotinoids clothianidin, imidacloprid
and thiacloprid on the ability of honeybee foragers to orientate during homing flights.
Individual bees were equipped with a transponder and their flight trajectories tracked
with harmonic radar. The bees were trained to an artificial feeder, then caught and fed
with sugar water containing one of the neonicotinoids. Subsequently they were displaced
and released about 300m from the hive. We recorded the flight traces from the release
site back to the hive and expectedly observed that bees rely initially on vector-orientation
confirming earlier findings. All bees headed first into a direction in which they expected to
find their hive, if they would have returned from the feeder. The influence of the different
treatments became apparent during the following part, which we called the homing flight,
i. E., the way from the expected hive site to the real hive. Thiacloprid (0.1mM, 50µl) and
imidacloprid (0.6µM, 50µl) treatments led to a temporary inability to find the hive,
resulting in a significant reduced number of bees that returned to the hive in the
observation period(thiacloprid 27.4%, imidacloprid 42.7%, control 88%). Bees rely on both
landmark- and vector-orientation during normal orientation, e. g., while performing a
foraging flight. Our data suggest that neonicotinoids may influence especially landmark-
orientation orientation in bees.
152.4 Effects of the neurotoxic insecticide thiacloprid on the flight
behavior of honeybees - Effekte des neurotoxischen Insektizides
Thiacloprid auf das Flugverhalten von Honigbienen
Lena FaustS, J. Hahn, B. Grünewald (Oberursel)
While foraging, honeybees may get in contact with the insecticide thiacloprid that is
known for its relative low toxicity to bees, though sublethal effects are not studied very
well yet.
By using the RFID technique, we examine the influences of sublethal doses of thiacloprid
on the flight behavior of honeybees.
To study the effects of chronic feeding of larvae with thiacloprid, we simulated the
consumption of thiacloprid via nectar by feeding colonies with sugar syrup containing
5000 ppb thiacloprid in the hive, respectively with pure sugar syrup for control.
After eclosion of the first generation of experimental bees they were labeled with RFID
microchips to record them leaving or returning to the hive. To estimate the date of death
for each marked bee, the day of the last registration was noted.
Bees of colonies fed with sugar syrup containing 5000 ppb thiacloprid started significantly
later for their first flight and lived significantly longer than bees fed with pure sugar syrup.
No referable differences in the time spent outside of the hive and the number of flights
were observed.
We investigated secondly whether and how an acute uptake of 250 ng thiacloprid per bee
influences the homing flight behavior of honeybees.
Adult bees were caught upon leaving the hive, chipped with RFID microchips and brought
to release sites at distances between 200 and 900 meters from the hive. They were fed
with 10 µl of diluted honey either with thiacloprid added or without and then were
allowed to imbibe pure diluted honey ad libitum. Immediately they were released and the
duration they required to get back to the hive was evaluated.
The duration of homing flight did not differ significantly between the groups, though
acute uptake of 250 ppb thiacloprid resulted in a significant higher percentage of bees
that did not return to the hive.
Concluded, sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid thiacloprid appear to delay the
behavioral development of honeybees and may interfere with their navigational
capacities.
162.5 Interactions between microsporidia, viruses and pesticides in
larvae and adult honey bees - Interaktionen zwischen Mikrosporidien,
Viren und Pestizide bei ihrem Einfluss auf Larven und erwachsenen
Honigbienen
Vincent Doublet, M. Labarussias, M. E. Natsopoulou, J. Steinberg, A. Miertsch, J. R. de
Miranda, R. J. Paxton (Halle, Allg. Zool., Uppsala)
There are many factors that can precipitate the decline and death of honeybee colonies.
What is less-well known is how these factors affect each other. In recent studies, focus
has been placed on the interactions among several potential ‘stressors’, and particularly
on the interaction between disease-causing microorganisms and sub-lethal doses of
pesticides. Our research investigated how the interactions among pathogens and
pesticides affect individual honey bees. We studied these interactions both in adults, with
cage experiments, and in larvae using in vitro rearing techniques, using the microsporidian
Nosema ceranae, a common virus (black queen cell virus - BQCV) and a widely used
insecticide (Thiacloprid), fed to larvae and adults at sub-lethal doses. We detected
multiple interactions during our experiments. In larvae, we observed an interaction
between the BQCV and Thiacloprid that affected both survivorship and development
(pupation). In adults, interactions between the virus and the insecticide were also
observed, but to a lesser extent than between N. ceranae and Thiacloprid, suggesting that
these two pathogens interact differently with the pesticide or induce a different response
in the honey bee. The interaction that led to the greatest impact on honey bee mortality
was that between BQCV and N. ceranae. Co-infected adult bees had a much higher
mortality than all other treatments, suggesting a synergistic interaction between these
two pathogens. These observations support the idea that co-infection by multiple
pathogens could be a significant factor of honey bee decline. However, the causal
mechanisms of the interaction between them are still unclear. We acknowledge support
of the EU (project: Bee Doc) and the BMELV/BLE (project: Fit Bee).
2.6 Synergistic effects of Nosema ceranae and sublethal doses of
Thiacloprid, τ-Fluvalinate and Clothianidin on bees (Apis mellifera L.)
in mating hives - Synergistische Effekte von Nosema ceranae und
subletalen Dosen von Thiacloprid, τ-Fluvalinat und Clothianidin auf
Bienenvölker (Apis mellifera L.) im Kieler Begattungskästchen
Richard OdemerS, T. Stahl, P. Rosenkranz (Hohenheim)
Interactions between bee diseases, varroacides and pesticides are considered a crucial
driver of colony losses. In our experimental approach we used mating nucs containing 700
- 1,000 honeybees in order to examine synergistic long-term effects on the colony level.
Freshly hatched and individually marked bees were treated with the neonicotinoids
Thiacloprid and Clothianidin and the synthetic pyrethroid τ-Fluvalinate, either as single
17applications or as combination of all components. Additionally, some of the insecticide
treated bee groups were infected artificially with Nosema ceranae. Twenty four hours
after the treatment, the bees (n=80 bees per group) were introduced into small colonies
(n=6). The numbers of marked bees were counted daily for a period of four weeks.
Additionally, the flight activity of marked bees was recorded several times per day. The
application of sublethal dosages of insecticides did not reveal clear significant effects on
the longevity and flight activity of the bees. However, N. ceranae infected bees showed
higher mortality rates and a somewhat higher flight activity. Synergistic effects of
Nosemosis in combination with pesticide application could not be verified. Our results
confirm studies from previous years of our working group and of cooperation partners in
Bern (Switzerland), but disagree with some recent publications. The possible reasons for
this discordancy are discussed.
Supported by the EU project "BEE DOC" (244,956 CP-FP)
3. Physiologie & Verhalten
3.1 Trans-generational immune priming in honeybees -
Generationsübergreifende Immunisierung bei Honigbienen
Javier Hernández-LópezS, W. Schuehly, U. Riessberger-Gallé, K. Crailsheim (Graz)
Maternal immune experience acquired during pathogen exposure and passed on to
progeny to enhance resistance to infection is called trans-generational immunity (TI). In
honeybees, TI would result in a significant improvement of health at individual and colony
level. Demonstrated in invertebrates other than honeybees, TI has not yet been fully
elucidated in terms of intensity and molecular mechanisms underlying this response.
Paenibacillus larvae (Pl) is a spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium causing American
Foulbrood, the most deadly bee brood disease worldwide and the spores are the
infectious stage of this pathogen. Here, we immune-stimulated honeybee queens by
injection of heat-killed bacteria of (Pl) and a control group was injected with Ringer
solution. Offspring of both treated queens were artificially reared and exposed to a load
of c. 20 spores of Pl per larva. Subsequently, mortality rates were measured daily for
twelve consecutive days to evaluate maternal transfer of immunity. A strong increase in
resistance of c. 25% to AFB infection was found among offspring of the Pl-challenged
queens as compared to the Ringer-injected control group. Our data substantiate the
existence of trans-generational immune priming in honeybees by direct evaluation of
offspring resistance to bacterial infection revealing an experience-dependent maternal
effect on offspring immunity. Due to the enormous industrial and ecological importance
of honeybees, this maternal transfer of immunity could translate into an enormous
advantage for a colony and have a significant practical benefit for the beekeeping industry
(e.g., the development of immunization programs in apiculture).
183.2 Dose-dependent effects of transgenic pollen on honey bee larvae -
Dosisabhängige Auswirkungen transgener Pollen auf Honigbienenlarven
Karin SteijvenS, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S. Härtel (Würzburg, Zoo III)
The honey bee is the most comprehensively studied insect species, and more importantly,
it provides a vital ecosystem service by pollinating both wild plants and crops. This makes
the honey bee an excellent model species for Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA)
evaluating risks on non-target arthropods. Several ERA studies on transgene crops have
addressed their effects on adult bees; however most genetically modified crops have
been designed to affect the larval stage of pest insects, as this is the development stage
that negatively impacts the crop. Therefore, we tested the effects of Bt maize expressing
three different insecticidal proteins on honey bee larvae in a standardized in vitro larvae
rearing system. We used a stacked Bt maize variety and compared it with several negative
controls where we expected no effects (near-isogenic line, another non-transgene maize
variety, and multi-floral pollen) and a positive control (toxic pollen). In vitro reared larvae
were fed a range of pollen-dosages between 0 and 10 mg within each pollen treatment.
We measured the larval mortality, weight and development, and quantified the
digestibility of the different pollen types. The results of this study will contribute to the
safety of transgenic crops for honey bees.
3.3 Experiments on the choice of water foraging honeybees (Apis
mellifera L.) under semi-field conditions - Versuche zum Wahlverhalten
von Wasser sammelnden Bienen (Apis mellifera L.) im Halbfreiland
Jana ReetzS, K. Wallner (Hohenheim)
Acquiring information about the behaviour of water foraging bees (Apis mellifera L.)
between different qualities of water under field conditions is difficult due to the wide
foraging range. Therefore, semi-field experiments were conducted to examine the
honeybee’s water collection behaviour by having the choice between pure water and
water contaminated with different levels of clothianidin (10, 50, 100 and 150 ng/ml). As a
control, water was tested against water. Each of the four tents included two water
stations and a feeding station, where pollen and sugar was offered. Additionally sugar
dough was offered within the beehives to increase the water demand of the colonies. To
exclude natural water sources and vegetation within the four tents, the ground has been
covered by shade cloth. In preparation for each trial, the solution of both water stations
of each tent was substituted by freshly water and test solution, respectively. The solutions
were used in blind application and simultaneously in the four tents. To evaluate the
collecting behaviour of honeybees between different water qualities, the number of bees
drinking at each water sources was counted for two hours in intervals of 15 minutes. In
total, 16 trials for each test solution were performed.
19These semi-field experiments revealed that water foraging honeybees showed no
reaction to the quality of test solution while having the choice between pure water and
water contaminated with clothianidin. None of the water qualities was completely
avoided. No definitive thresholds for a time interval after exposure or a concentration
level could be measured.
3.4 Proteins of royal jelly: evolution and function in social insects -
Proteine des Weiselfuttersaftes: Evolution und Funktion bei den
sozialen Insekten
Stefan Albert, J. Spaethe, K. Grübel, W. Rössler (Würzburg, ZOO II)
Royal jelly is a secretion produced by nurse honeybees. Extensive feeding of royal jelly
triggers the development of larvae into queens instead of workers.
The vast majority (>90%) of the proteins of royal jelly are closely related to each other.
Nine MRJP (major royal jelly protein) genes were found in the honeybee genome. We
hypothesized that MRJPs arose via repeated duplications of a single originator, which
accompanied the evolution of a (eu)social brood feeding behavior. However, the
identification of multiple MRJP-like genes in distantly related Hymenoptera species such
as ants or the parasitoid Nasonia contradicts the unique and social feeding-associated
origin of MRJP multiplication. Although analyses suggested that multiplications in the
honeybee, ant and Nasonia lineages occurred independently, evidence of a “transition
species” with a single MRJP gene was missing. By using a comparative approach including
other bee species, we found that bumblebees bear only one copy of MRJP-like gene and
thus might constitute such a transition species. In order to identify the original function of
MRJP, we explored the MRJP expression pattern in bumblebee worker, male and queen
by means of real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry using a MRJP-specific antibody.
We found support for a dual function of MRJP in bumblebees. As (1) a component of the
hypopharyngeal gland secretion it might participate in food processing, and (2) in Kenyon
cells of the brain it possibly participates in processing of neuronal information.
3.5 Fertility of honeybee workers is mediated by Epidermal Growth
Factor Receptor (EGFR) - Die Fruchtbarkeit von
Honigbienenarbeiterinnen wird durch EGFR (Epidermaler
Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor) vermittelt
E. M. Formesyn, D. Cardoen, Ulli ErnstS, E. Danneels, M. Van Vaerenbergh, D. De Koker, P.
Verleyen, T. Wenseleers, L. Schoofs , D. C. de Graaf (Ghent, Leuven)
One of the hall marks of eusociality is reproductive division of labour. In honeybees (Apis),
the queen lays virtually all eggs, whereas workers usually remain functionally sterile.
However, workers can readily activate their ovaries and become fertile under queenless
conditions. Worker bees regulate their fertility dependant on their social environment,
20including pheromones of both queen and brood. Yet, how these signals and cues are
processed, and how this translates into sterility or fertility, is not known. Understanding
how fertility is regulated will provide deeper insight in the molecular architecture
underlying the evolution of eusociality. Using RNAi in caged queenless worker bees, we
show that Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is involved in regulating worker
fertility. As EGFR is also mediating whether larvae develop into queens or workers, this
suggests that both worker fertility and caste determination partly rely on the same
regulatory networks.
3.6 Conditioning of honeybee colony on TNT and DNT scent -
Konditionierung von Honigbienen Völkern auf TNT und DNT Duft
Nikola Kezić, M. Janeš, J. Filipi, M. Dražić, K. Crailsheim, Y. Leconte, N. Pavković (Zagreb,
Knin, Graz, Avignon)
Experiment was focused on the conditioning of the Apis mellifera carnica colony to search
for DNT and TNT scent in controlled environment. After preparation of the testing mesh
tent and feeders, 10 training and testing trials were performed. Majority of the
experiments was carried out in a period from April to July 2012. For the training and
testing of bees, artificial targets were designed. Six observers counted bees crossing
and/or lending on the six targets, from which three targets were with and three without
scent (control). Crossing bees were counted in the area of 20 cm above the target.
Landing bees need to touch or sit on any part of the target. In average, 29.22 bees were
crossing above TNT and 28.69 bees above control targets. The average number of landing
bees was 9.72 on TNT and 2.78 on controls. When the target scent was DNT, in average
61.19 bees were crossing targets, and 42.64 controls. Results were more distinct in
landing on DNT, when in average 40.42 bees landed on target with scent in comparison to
2.91 bees on controls. The number of bees recognizing DNT was higher in comparison to
TNT due to its more intense smell. These results indicate that bees from trained colony
can clearly distinguish target with odor by lending on it.
3.7 The upper lethal temperature of Apis mellifera carnica and A. m.
ligustica - Die obere Lethaltemperatur von Apis mellifera carnica und A.
m. ligustica
Helmut KovacS, A. Stabentheiner, C. Costa (Graz, Bologna)
The two subspecies of the western honeybee Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera
ligustica are closely related and live in neighboring climatic regions. The Carnolian bee is
the honeybee of the temperate Central European climate region and the Ligustica bee is
original native to the Mediterranean South European climate region. We investigated
whether these two subspecies developed adaptations to their local climate conditions
and differ in their thermal traits.
21For conducting the experiments 10 to 20 forager bees of each of the two races were caught after leaving the hive and were put separately in a divided cage and transferred into an incubator. Starting with an initial temperature of 30 °C, the temperature was increased at a rate of 0.4 °C per minute to a maximal temperature between 46 °C and 56 °C. When the maximal temperature was attained, they remained for five minutes at this temperature. Afterwards, the temperature was quickly reduced to 30 °C and the bees stayed for further eight hours in the incubator. Then the numbers of living and dead bees were counted. A total of 19 trials were performed in this way. During experiments the bees were provided with 1 M sucrose solution. The mortality was plotted in dependence on ambient temperature and from the obtained sigmoidal curves the temperature was determined, where 50% of the bees were still alive (lethal temperature = LT50). The LT50 was 1.3 °C higher in the Ligustica bees and significantly different between the two subspecies (Carnica: LT50 = 50.4 °C; Ligustica: LT50 = 51.7 °C; p
4. Bienenpathologie
4.1 Coordinated treatment of Varroa destructor to reduce reinvasion -
Koordinierte Bekämpfung von Varroa destructor zur Reduktion der
Reinvasion
Jochen Pflugfelder (Liebefeld)
Variable treatment efficiency and reinvasion of Varroa destructor from infested hives in
the neighbourhood are the main reasons for the frequent high colony losses. It has been
shown that reinvasion can be as high as 300 mites per day in the late season over
distances up to 2 km. Reinvasion is an important survival mechanism of the mites when
the parasitized colony collapses. In a field trial the efficiency of an area wide V. destructor
treatment in about 800 colonies (167 bee yards) was investigated in the canton of Berne
(154 km2). In early August 2012 100% of the colonies within a circle of 14 km diameter
were treated simultaneously either with formic acid or thymol products. As control we
used about 800 colonies situated within a ring area of 3 km surrounding the circle, in
which colonies were treated around the same date but treatments were spread over a
time interval of about 4 weeks in accordance to beekeepers’ habitual schedules. We here
report on the efficiency of this coordinated treatment, the mite reinvasion and the winter
survival of the colonies in comparison with control area.
4.2 Function and efficacy of the Varroa-Gate, a device in the hive
entrance for the control of Varroa destructor infestations in honey
bees - Funktion und Wirkungsweise des Varroa-Gates, einer
Fluglochapplikation zur Kontrolle von Varroa destructor Infestationen
bei Honigbienen
G. Koeniger, Nikolaus Koeniger, B. Grünewald, K. Krieger (Oberursel, BAYER/Monheim)
Bei dem Varroa-Gate handelt es sich um einen Polymermatrix-Wirkstoffträger, der bündig
im Flugloch der Bienenbeute angebracht wird. Es stellt eine Barriere dar, die den Bienen
eine Passage nur durch eines seiner zahlreichen Löcher ermöglicht. Anzahl und lichte
Weite der Löcher wurden auf die Größe der Bienen (Arbeiterbienen und Drohnen) und die
Anforderungen an den Luftaustausch abgestimmt. Die Wirkstoffabgabe im Varroa-Gate
erfolgt durch den Kontakt der ausfliegenden oder heimkehrenden Bienen mit dem
Wirkstoffträger und nicht etwa durch Verdampfung. Wie bei Käfigversuchen im Labor
gezeigt wurde, wird dabei die auf der Biene befindliche Milbe vom Wirkstoff erreicht und
in den folgenden 24h bis 48h abgetötet. Im Falle von zurückkehrenden Bienen wird so die
Einschleppung von Milben aus der Umgebung unterbunden und das Varroa-Gate kann,
nach einer effektiven Behandlung der Varroose eingesetzt, den dabei erzielten
23Behandlungserfolg sichern. Fliegt eine parasitierte Biene aus dem Volk heraus, so wird
auch diese Milbe bei der Passage eliminiert. Damit führt das Varroa-Gate zu einer
Verminderung der im Volk vorhandenen Milben. Natürlicherweise wird die Flugaktivität
eines Bienenvolkes von den Trachtbienen dominiert. Das sind Bienen, die meist älter als
20 Tage sind und die als Wirtsbienen für Varroa destructor nicht besonders attraktiv sind.
Eine Elimination von phoretischen Milben auf Flugbienen allein würde vermutlich – über
die bereits oben beschriebene Verhinderung einer Re-infektion hinaus – nur eine
unerhebliche Reduktion der Milbenpopulation im Bienenvolk bewirken.
Unsere Versuchsergebnisse (in Florida und Oberursel) zeigen jedoch einen hohen
Wirkungsgrad. Zwischen 85% und 99% der Varroa destructor Population im Bienenvolk
wurden durch den Einsatz der Gates vernichtet. Wir präsentieren diese
Versuchsergebnisse und diskutieren mögliche Ursachen für die gefundene hohe
Wirksamkeit.
4.3 Do not fight against Varroa - get rid of it! - Warum Varroa
bekämpfen, wenn Bienenhaltung ohne Varroa möglich ist?
Heikki M.T. Hokkanen & I. Menzler-Hokkanen (Helsinki)
In order to develop sustainable apiculture in Europe, and in particular to deal with the
Varroa problem, we need fundamentally new approaches. Varroa has been in Europe for
decades, and has been thoroughly researched for over 30 years, with only limited success
in containing the plague. The best tool we have at hand is to continuously rely on
pesticides and other undesired intervention methods.
We propose to focus on developing Varroa-free apiculture. While in other agricultural
disciplines it has long been recognized and practiced to start new cultures with disease-
free materials, to our knowledge this has not been the approach in apiculture. We will
develop and test apiculture model, where apiaries are started with Varroa-free (and if
possible, disease-free) nucleus colonies, and to renew them after disease pressure
develops too high. If this is practiced over larger areas, or in confined environments such
as islands, the disease-free apiculture may persist for a long period. Many large
beekeeping operations in the world are functioning with new nucleus colonies as a starter
every year; New Zealand is a large supplier of nucleus colonies to the rest of the world.
However, these are not disease or Varroa free, but rather serve as source of many
diseases.
We will initiate the production of Varroa-free starter colonies in parts of Finland, which
still are Varroa-free. In addition we will select a production site, where there is no
beekeeping at all, naturally isolated from any external sources of infection. Colonies will
be reared on new, disease free housing, frames, and other equipment and the first
colonies will be reared from clean, disease free sources.
The first new ”SaniBee®” starter colonies will be ready for testing in the spring of 2014,
and can be obtained from us to a limited extent by interested colleagues. In the field the
development of the colonies will be monitored, and they will be regularly tested for
diseases and Varroa, to study the pick-up rate of diseases in the field.
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