Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano

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Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
„Multilingual Teacher Education
in South Tyrol for Preschool and
         Primary school

        Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto
            Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Overview

Translanguaging prac,ces in preschool and primary school

• Part 1: Kindergarten (Marjan Asgari)
• Part 2: Primary school (Lynn Mastello
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
What is Translanguaging?

• Cross-curricular strategy for ‘the planned and systematic use of
  two languages for teaching and learning inside the same lesson’.
  (Conteh 2018: 445)
• “Translanguaging is the deployment of a speaker’s full linguistic
  repertoire without regard for watchful adherence to the socially
  and politically defined boundaries of named languages” (García,
  Reid 2015: 281).
• At the prekindergarten level, this may include singing songs in
  many languages, learning to count in many languages, learning
  about languages themselves (how they are written, for
  example), and listening to the experiences or stories of
  multilingual individuals. (Morell, López 2021: 157)
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Why Translanguaging?

• Fließende Sprachverwendungspraktiken = Normalität in
  mehrsprachigen Bildungseinrichtungen (Panagiotopoulou 2019:
  30)
• Herkömmliche Sprachenpolitik problematisch
• Stattdessen: Berücksichtigung von neue Erkenntnissen über den
  dynamischen mehr- und quersprachigen Erwerb im Kindesalter
  und über aktuelle Konzepte einer inklusiven mehrsprachigen
  Bildung (Panagiotopoulou 2019: 32)
• Beispiel für positive Effekte: Schüler*innen schreiben
  hochwertigere Texte in der Unterrichtssprache, wenn der
  Planungsprozess mehrschriftlich und mehrsprachig stattfinden
  konnte (Montanari 2019: 120).
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Interdependenzhypothese:
               Cummins, J., & Swain, M.: Bilingualism in educa.on: Aspects
                  of theory, research and policy. London: Longman (1986).

• CALP – Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency: In der
  Entfaltung einer kognitiven akademischen
  Sprachfähigkeit sind Erst- und Zweitsprache durchlässig.
Ø Daher: Positive Transfereffekte von der L1 auf die L2
Ø Auch umgekehrt profitieren erstsprachige Kompetenzen
  von der besseren Beherrschung einer Zweitsprache, z.B.
  durch Verstärkung von metalinguistischem Wissen
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Bilinguale Kinder als Hürdenläufer
  (und nicht als 100 Meter Läufer oder Stabhochspringer!)

François Grosjean: The bilingual as a competent but specific speaker-hearer.
Zi=ert in: Das Mehrsprachencurriculum Süd4rol.
Multilingual Teacher Education in South Tyrol for Preschool and Primary school - Marjan Asgari and Lynn Mastellotto Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
Fragestellung

     Translanguaging während DaZ-Aktivitäten in
            Kindergarten und Grundschule
• An welchen Stellen wird Translanguaging eingesetzt? Wie
  reagieren die Kinder darauf? Wer wird in der beobachteten
  Sequenz als bilingual wahrgenommen?
• Wie könnte man Translanguaging Strategien in der eben
  gesehenen Aktivität noch bewusster/effektiver einsetzen? Wie
  würden die Kinder eventuell reagieren?
• Wird die Erstsprache der Kinder in den Dialogen akzeptiert?
  Woran zeigt sich dies?
• Wie interagieren die Lehrkraft und die Kinder miteinander?
  Welches sprachliche und inhaltliche Feedback gibt die Lehrkraft?
Video:
DaZ-Aktivitäten im Kindergarten
Korrek?ves Feedback während DaZ-
                          Ak?vitäten im Kindergarten
•   K: è è da tanto che non lo vediamo. {Es ist schon lange her, seitdem wir
    ihn gesehen haben}
•   K5: è vero. {Das stimmt}
•   P: Stimmt, wir haben ihn lange, lange, lange nicht mehr gesehen.
    Wollen wir schauen, ob er hier ist?

•   P: Wisst ihr was? Oggi sono contentissimo. {Heute bin ich sehr
    glücklich} Hurrah, Hurrah, Hurrah.
•   Kinder: (lachen)
•   P: (spricht als Dino-Figur) Ich bin ganz, ganz glücklich. Sapete perché?
    {Wisst ihr warum?}
•   Kinder: (durcheinander) perché? {Warum?}
Korrektives Feedback während
                Kindergarten-Aktivitäten
Input-providing, Recast
Input-providing, Recast, Erweiterung
Sprachliches Output-prompting, Elicitation

Sprachliches Output-prompting, Clarification Request

Inhaltliches Output-prompting, Elicitation

Inhaltliches Output-prompting, Clarification Request

Inhaltliche Reaktion ohne Aussage des Kindes auf Deutsch
zu reformulieren
Kurze inhaltliche Bestätigung ohne Aussage des Kindes auf
Deutsch zu reformulieren
Explizite inhaltliche Korrektur
Peer-Feedback, inhaltliche Korrektur
Korrektives Feedback während
   Kindergarten-Aktivitäten
Interak?on im Kindergarten während
                               DaZ-Ak?vitäten

• Korrektives Feedback: zu inhaltlichen und sprachlichen Aspekten
• Feedback-Varianten abhängig von:
   – Pädagog*in
   – Gruppe (V.R. bilinguale Gruppe, M.S. mehrsprachige Gruppe)
• Sprachliches Feedback:
   – kein explizites Feedback
   – korrektives Feedback wird immer implizit gegeben (meist
     korrigierte Wiederholungen und/oder Erweiterungen)
   Ø Fokus liegt darauf, den Prozess der Bedeutungsverhandlung nicht
     zu unterbrechen
• Inhaltliches korrektives Feedback:
   – Wird in den Situationen genutzt, in denen nicht auf die
     Zweitsprache zurückgegriffen wird
Korrektives Feedback
Korrektives Feedback während DaZ-
                           Aktivitäten in der Grundschule
•   L: Tim und Anna beim Schli&schuhlaufen. Was ist Schli7schuhlaufen?
•   K: Sli&a. {Schli7en}
•   L: Nein. Dasselbe wie Eislaufen. Eislaufen haben wir gestern gehört. KE (Name)?
•   K4: PaGnare? {Schli7schuhlaufen}
•   L: Genau bravo! Schli7schuhlaufen ist ein anderes Wort für Eislaufen. Ok?
                                      ------------------
•   L1: Und dann erstellen wir eine Wörterliste. Was ist eine Wörterliste? Was sind
    Wörter?
•   K: Frase. {Sätze}
•   L1: Nein.
•   K2: Parole. {Wörter}
•   L1: Genau. Und was ist eine Liste?
•   K: Una lista? {Eine Liste}
•   L1: Genau, ok? Wir machen eine Wörterliste und dann schauen wir mal, wie
    weit wir sind u. evtl. könnt ihr noch eine Zeichnung zur Geschichte machen.
Interaktion in der Grundschule
                             während DaZ-Aktivitäten
• Korrektives Feedback: Fast nur zu sprachlichen Aspekten, keine
  Bedeutungsaushandlung
• Sprachliches korrektives Feedback:
   – Hauptsächlich explizites Feedback
   – Korrektives Feedback wird selten implizit gegeben (keine korrigierten
     Wiederholungen und/oder Erweiterungen)
• Inhaltliches korrektives Feedback:
   – Es wird kein Fokus auf inhaltliche Aspekte gelegt (Beispiel:
     „Wörterliste“)

Ø Prozess der Bedeutungsverhandlung für die Kinder kaum möglich
Ø Ihnen wird keine Möglichkeit gegeben, auf bereits bestehende
  Ressourcen zurückzugreifen (Beispiel: „slitta“)
Möglichkeiten:
                        Translanguaging-Räume
• Die Räume sollten alle Sprachen der Kinder widerspiegeln
• Alle Kinder und Eltern sollten sich die ausgestellten
  Informamonen erschließen können.

Aufgabe:
• Analysieren Sie bine Fotos von den „Deutschräumen“ aus
  italienischen Kindergärten, in denen die Kinder auf Deutsch als
  Zweitsprache unterrichtet werden:
Ø Was fällt Ihnen auf?
Ø Wie könnte man dort Translanguaging Räume schaffen? (zu
  linguismc landscaping and visual ethnography studies vgl.
  Straszer 2017)
„

Part 2: primary school
CLIL lesson –
                                   Montessori primary school

Garcìa, Johnson, Seltzer (2017)
Teachers need to think about mobilizing full language repertoire
through:

• Stance (disposition /orientation → openness, flexibility)
• Design (instructional & assessment plan)
• Shifts (within lessons to accommodate translanguaging corriente )

A translanguaging current (corriente) is always present with bi-
/multilingual children: at times visible, at times invisible. The teacher
must always be ready to enter into it.
CLIL lesson –
                                  Montessori primary school

Translanguaging pedagogy – features

In classroom practices and classroom language:
• Providing rich, adapted, varied input
• Providing contextualised speech
• Code-switching /language mixing (flexible, responsible)
• Using paralinguistic cues (non-verbal)
• Praising children’s translanguaging as a legitimate practice
• Valuing children’s home languages and giving them
    opportunities to share these in a flexible way
CLIL lesson –
                                Montessori primary school

Translanguaging pedagogy – benefits
• Lesson accomplishment (Lin & Martin 2008; Arthur & Martin 2006)
• Balance power relations between languages; language status
  (Canagrarjah 2011)
• Protection & promotion of minority languages (Cenoz & Gorter
  2017)
• Student confidence & motivation (Creese & Blackedge 2010; Lin
  1999)
• Students’ empowerment & language learning (Mary & Young 2017)
• Students’ cognitive engagement in content-matter learning (Duarte
  2016)
Model of mul>lingual educa>on
                       (Duarte 2016, 2018)

                    Heteroglossic practices

Language            Language           CLIL             Immersion
Awareness          Comparison

Acknowledging language diversity          Using diverse languages
CLIL lesson –
                                  Montessori primary school

We will watch three short videos recorded in a Montessori
primary school in Brixen (spring 2019) where German is
the L1 and Italian is the L2 of pupils.

The video clips are of a single Science lesson taught in Italian L2.
A CLIL approach is used in teaching the topic ‘planets’ in the L2 to
a mixed group of pupils, ages 6 to 8, from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd year.

  "CLIL refers to situa1ons where subjects, or parts of subjects, are
taught through a foreign language with dual-focused aims, namely
 the learning of content and the simultaneous learning of a foreign
                    language." (David Marsh, 1994)
CLIL lesson –
                             Montessori primary school

CLIL – a counter-balanced approach

 •   Content – balanced at the cognitive level of students
 •   Communication – balanced at the language level of
     students

  Roy Lyster (2007)
CLIL lesson –
                    Montessori primary school
Video 1 – Planets
[Length: 01:41]
CLIL lesson –
                                 Montessori primary school
Video 1
• this introductory activity focuses on children’s oral interaction:
  flexibility in L1/L2 language practices (pupils are invited to say
  what they know re: Venus etc. and can use L1)
• the teacher helps the student struggling to remember the name
  of the planet Mercury in L2 by offering the word to complete the
  utterance
• the teacher elicits information from students about the planet
  Venus and its distinctive features
• the teacher introduces subject-specific vocabulary as needed to
  explain key concepts (‘rocky planets’, ‘solar system’, ‘rotates
  around’ etc.) → CALP
CLIL lesson –
                    Montessori primary school
Video 2 – Seasons
[Length 01:08]
CLIL lesson –
                                     Montessori primary school
Video 2
•   this activity focuses on checking children’s understanding of subject-
    specific concepts and eliciting their spoken interaction using specific
    scientific lexis related to the topic
•   the teacher recasts the pupils’ utterances when they make mistakes by
    substituting incorrect grammar forms with correct ones
•   the teacher supports their developing language by providing a missing
    word and expanding on their ideas in the L2
•   the teacher uses an inductive approach to introduce the scientific
    concept of the sun’s rotation and the change of seasons, moving from
    observation of a specific case to discovery of the general rule
•   the teacher also uses non-verbal scaffolding such as gestures, facial
    expressions, space and materials to support understanding of key
    concepts presented in the L2
CLIL lesson –
                               Montessori primary school
Video 3 – Writing production
[Length: 2:20]
CLIL lesson –
                                      Montessori primary school
Video 3
• the focus of this activity is to promote language awareness in the L2
  through the identification of parts of speech as components of language
• the teacher elicits sentences through verbal interaction and recasts some
  of the utterances into correct forms of the TL before writing down the
  sentences himself
• the teacher distributes the written sentences to the children and asks
  them to do an analysis of sentence structure by identifying parts of
  speech using Montessori symbols
• the teacher supports children’s metacognitive and metalinguistic
  awareness by acknowledging that a word or utterance can have more
  than one meaning
• the teacher changes the classroom setting during the activity to work
  first with the whole group then individually with the children to provide
  one-on-one corrective feedback
• A key step in literacy development involves a student's recognition or
  self-correction of the target language (TL) in verbal and written forms
CLIL lesson –
                          Montessori primary school
Activity – Group work in breakout rooms
[15 min+]

Task 1 – Analyse the teacher’s verbal strategies for
providing linguistic support.
Using Walsh’s coding chart, see how many different
language mediation/support strategies you can identify
from the teacher’s interactions with pupils during the CLIL
lesson. An English transcription of the classroom
interaction is provided to help you analyse and categorize
his statements according to the chart.
Procedures:
• Breakout room 1 → video 1 transcript
• Breakout room 2 → video 2 transcript
• Breakout room 3 → video 3 transcript
CLIL lesson –
Montessori primary school
CLIL lesson –
Montessori primary school
CLIL lesson –
                           Montessori primary school
Activity – Group work in breakout rooms

Task 2 – Analyse the teacher’s non-verbal strategies for
providing linguistic support

In particular, think about the following:
• use of space & proxemics
• use of materials
• use of body language
CLIL lesson –
                                Montessori primary school
Summary – translanguaging pedgagogy in CLIL lesson
                  Stance – Design – ShiJs

ü Use of varied input - diverse, complex, rich
ü Use of adapted speech (slower rate of speech; purposeful pauses;
  varied intonamon)
ü Use of comprehension checks and open quesmons
ü Verbal acknowledgment of interacmonal anempts by students
ü Extending student interacmons
ü Use of explanamon, illustramon, comparison, metaphoric language
ü Offering implicit correcmve feedback
ü Prompmng self-correcmon by students
ü Use of gestures, facial expressions, proxemics, manipulamves and
  displays as non-verbal support
ü Allowing students to code-mix (use L1)
Bibliographie:
•   Conteh, Jean (2018): Translanguaging. In: ELT Journal, 72(4), 445–447.
•   Cummins, J., & Swain, M. (1986): Bilingualism in educaJon: Aspects of theory,
    research and policy. London: Longman.
•   García, Ofelia; Kleifgen, Jo Anne (2020): “Translanguaging and Literacies.” In:
    Reading Research Quarterly, 55(4), 553–571.
•   García, Ofelia; Otheguy Ricardo (2021): Conceptualizing Translanguaging
    Theory/PracJce Juntos. In: CUNY-New York State IniJaJve on Emergent Bilinguals,
    CUNY-NYSIEB Project (Hrsg.): Translanguaging and Transforma.ve Teaching for
    Emergent Bilingual Students : Lessons from the CUNY-NYSIEB Project. New York,
    Routledge, 3–24.
•   Li, Wei (2018): Translanguaging as a PracJcal Theory of Language. In: Applied
    linguis.cs, 39(1), 9–30.
•   Lyster, Roy (2007): Learning and Teaching Languages through Content: A Counter-
    balanced Approach. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
•   Marsh, D., & Langé, G. (2000). Using languages to learn and learning to use
    languages: An introduc.on to content and language integrated learning for parents
    and young people. Jyväskylá, Finland: University of Jyväaskylá on behalf of TIE-CLIL.
Bibliographie:
•   Montanari, Elke, Panagiotopoulou, Julie A. Prof. Dr. (2019): Mehrsprachigkeit und
    Bildung in Kitas und Schulen. Eine Einführung. Narr Francke Akempto Verlag,
    Stukgart
•   Morell, Zoila; López, Dina (2021): “Translanguaging and Emergent Literacy in Early
    Childhood EducaJon”. In: CUNY-New York State IniJaJve on Emergent Bilinguals,
    CUNY-NYSIEB Project (Hrsg.): Translanguaging and Transforma.ve Teaching for
    Emergent Bilingual Students : Lessons from the CUNY-NYSIEB Project. New York,
    Routledge, 149–170.
•   Straszer, Boglárka (2017): “Translanguaging Space and Spaces for Translanguaging:
    A Case Study of a Finnish-language Pre-school in Sweden”. In: Hrsg. BethAnne
    Paulsrud, Jenny Rosén, Boglárka Straszer and Åsa Wedin: New Perspec.ves on
    Translanguaging and Educa.on. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: MulJlingual Makers,
    129–147.
•   Thornbury, Scok (1996). “Teachers research teacher talk”. In: ELT Journal 50(4),
    279–289,
•   Walsh, Steve (2006): Inves.ga.ng Classroom Discourse. London & New York:
    Routledge.
•   Walsh, Steve (2006): “Talking the talk of the TESOL Classroom”. In: ELT Journal
    60(2), 133–141.
Grazie!

                                Graçias!

                                Thank you!

                                Danke!

Contact info:
marjan.asgari@unibz.it   lynn.mastellotto@unibz.it
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