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01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport Ferne
Fakultät für Tourismus der Hochschule München
www.tourismus.hm.edu | ISSN 1866-3044 | 2,80 �
01|2019 Ferne
Tourismus Management
FAKULTÄT FÜR TOURISMUS
Passport
8
18 24
INHALT
Editorial Forschung
Felix Kolbeck ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 Die Abgaswahrnehmung von Fahrradfahrern:
Eine ökonomische Evaluierung
Andreas Humpe �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Ferne
Fernreisen: Zahlen, bitte! Tannheimer Tal ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42
Sarah Rauscher, Andrea Schramm ��������������������������������������������������������� 6
Studium
Fern reisen, Nähe erleben?
Von geographischen und anderen Distanzen
Karrierestart in die Welt des digitalen Marketings: Das
Felix Kolbeck �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
„Work & Study“-Programm der Fakultät für Tourismus
Vera Vaubel ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
Von Edelsteinen, Träumen und Paradiesen:
Metaphern im Marketing ferner Destinationen
Warum der Wiener Hotelmarkt so inspirierend ist:
Tilman Schröder ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Das Kompetenzfeld Hospitality Management ging der
Frage nach
Fernreisen – aktuelle Entwicklungen und Trends:
Laura Schmidt ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48
Länderkombinationen und individuelle
Reisebausteine sind gefragt
Tourismus zwischen Kultur und Kommerz:
Interview mit Andreas Hanebuth, Explorer Fernreisen �������������� 18 Auswirkungen des Entwicklungsland-Tourismus
Alina Luisa Juhnke ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
Ans Ende der Welt: Eine Reise für Globetrotter
Alexander Möbius ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Gute Lehre ist eine Herausforderung:
Auf vielfältige Weise und jeden Tag aufs Neue
Klimaschutz und Fernreisen:
Henrike Martius �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56
Ein nicht auflösbarer Konflikt?
Thomas Bausch, Andreas Humpe ������������������������������������������������������� 24 Besetzungsgradabhängige City-Maut:
Eine Lösung für die Verkehrsproblematik in München?
Fachlicher Austausch in Fernost:
Markus I. Brilla ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58
Konferenzbesuch in Bangkok und die
Kompetenzerfordernisse im 21. Jahrhundert
TalentE³: Entdecken. Entwickeln. Entfalten.
Marion Rauscher ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 Das Begabtenförderungsprogramm der Hochschule
München
Wie groß ist klein? Eine Annäherung an den
Andrea Schramm ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Studienreisemarkt in Deutschland
Frano Ilic ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
Blickfang: Weltraumtourismus ������������������������������������������������ 38
4 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport
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48
INHALT
International Die Fakultät
Partnerhochschulen der Fakultät für Tourismus Tor zu einer global vernetzten Welt:
Cornelia Liem, Christina Regul �������������������������������������������������������������� 62 Unsere Masterstudiengänge im Kurzporträt ��������������������� 80
In der Welt zu Hause: Stellen in Aussicht ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
Internationales Angebot an der Fakultät
Cornelia Liem, Christina Regul �������������������������������������������������������������� 64 f.a.s.t. e. V. – Die Studierendenvertretung ���������������������������� 83
California Polytechnic State University: ProfessorInnen der Fakultät für Tourismus ������������������������ 84
Learn by Doing
Unsere internationalen GastdozentInnen ��������������������������� 85
AnnMarie Cornejo ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Unsere MitarbeiterInnen ������������������������������������������������������������ 86
Studieren in der Ferne:
Unvergessliche Erfahrungen und Freunde fürs Leben Lehrbeauftragte an unserer Fakultät ������������������������������������� 88
Interview mit Christina Baur und Sandrina Thurow ��������������������� 68
Studenten und Politik 1963 ������������������������������������������������������� 89
Gäste unserer Fakultät
Sichtvermerk ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 90
Quo vadis Budget-Hotellerie?
Wichtig ist, GastgeberIn im Herzen zu sein
Tanja Renninger, Jessica Schnabel ������������������������������������������������������� 72
Alumni
Wiedersehensfreude an der Fakultät:
Eindrücke vom 9. Alumni-Jahrestreffen
Eva Söhl �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 74
Karrieren – Ehemalige stellen sich vor!
Markus Pettinger, Katharina Phebey �������������������������������������������������� 76
Impressum:
Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Felix Kolbeck, Fakultät für Tourismus, Hochschule München, Schachenmeierstraße 35, 80636 München Internet: English version
www.tourimus.hm.edu V.i.S.d.P: Prof. Dr. Felix Kolbeck Redaktion: Andrea Schramm ISSN: 1866-3044 Verlag: vmm wirtschaftsverlag GmbH & Co. KG, of this article
Kleine Grottenau 1, 86150 Augsburg, www.vmm-wirtschaftsverlag.de Media- und Objektleitung: Hans Peter Engel, Telefon: 0821 4405-420, available for
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Travel far, experience closeness?
Of geographical and other distances
Felix Kolbeck As such, distance is at the same time or a self-discovery journey to India. “Step by step from
far to near.
a concept which can be quantified in Every trip, and hence the pure cover-
Why wander into the distance, when terms of space and time and, in part, ing of a distance, always means two Gina Bolle
the good is so close? a construct in the field of psychology things – being self-aware of one’s
and sociology which is either impos- starting point and creating a new
T he term distance is both impor-
tant and attractive in tourism.
First, because the definition of dis-
sible or difficult to quantify.
In a touristic interpretation, the
term distance is mainly used in its
closeness (to one`s destination). With-
out closeness no distance.
The following text shall try to ‘get
tance sets it against its antonym measurable geographic form and closer to’ the concept and construct of
‘closeness’. Second, because the gen- thus mostly as a product- or destina- distance from a touristic point of
eral term distance has many mean- tion-specific attribute: Long-distance view.
ings1: On the one hand, it stands for trip, distant countries, long-distance
pure geographical distance (space) or flight etc. 1. The faraway as large
has a time-related meaning. On the The difficult to measure con- geographical distance
other hand, distance can be described struct ‘closeness – distance’ can, how- People have always tried to “measure”
from a psychological point of view (in ever, be found in many idioms physical distance. In ancient times, at
a sense of categorising an opinion or (“Nothing could be further from my first through the description of sea
feeling). thoughts”, “he is close to me”…). It can routes and specific sailing instruc-
be assumed that the desire for close- tions, with information concerning
1 “Distance” according to the German „Duden“: ness is behind some long-distance harbours, water depths etc. Much lat-
1. Physical distance, large space between A and
trips, e.g. when visiting relatives in er, cartography was used to visually
B, distant territory; distant, unknown land, area;
the unknown. 2. Distant past, distant future. Australia, a trip to see the polar lights represent distance for those who
8 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport
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stayed either at, or close to, home. this context, let us have a look at the and pubs. Many of these registered
Great voyages of discovery (by order only ancient series of maps we know places have still not been localised,
of the rulers) were also always under- of: The famous “Tabula Peutingeria- whereas the representation of others
Deutsche Fassung
taken with the aim of occupying land, na”, a medieval transcription of a set- on the map strongly differs from to- in der App verfüg-
protecting and exploiting it, or using tlement and road map in the late an- day’s state of science as well as from bar
it for commercial purposes. In that cient “Imperium Romanum”. One no- the ancient perspective of the world.3
sense, it was business travel in its tices already a certain subjectivity in It is a picture which is intended to pin
early modern form. depicting the ca. 500 towns (= refer- down the reader’s special interest.
To measure or judge a geograph- ence point B, see above) and their con- Pinterest on parchment so to speak,
ical distance, one of course first needs necting distances. because it was the only notice board
two spatial reference points (A and B). Besides administration, this se- the ancient world had.
For simplification, it is assumed that ries of maps was “…mainly intended In medieval Europe, Jerusalem re-
A is the starting point (“base”) of a cer- for travellers, which is why car- placed Rome as the cartographic “cen-
tain perspective or cultural image. B tographic accuracy was never the aim tre of the world”. From then on the
is a destination, either of a real trip or in the first place.”2 Although some ba- main aim was to convey the Christian
a mere image. A can be occupied by a sic knowledge of mathematics, as- world view by showing the familiar or
cartographer or a user of the map, e.g. tronomy and spatial presentation populated and agricultural parts of
a traveller. For the person reading the methods already existed, the “Tabula the world, the so-called ecumenism4,
map it is crucial that he gets from it Peutingeriana” is limited to a partly on many maps.
all the information he needs when arbitrary consideration and classifi It was not until the 18th century
travelling to B, including the ways to cation of urban centres. This was that modern maps could actually be
get there. The cartographer thus has achieved by using symbols (“vi- used for navigation because of their
a great responsibility and at the same gnettes”) such as towers, battlements accurate and objective presentation
An extract from the
time a great opportunity to exert in- and enclosing walls as well as the dis- of geographic conditions. “Tabula Peutingeri-
fluence by adding, emphasising or tances between them. The map also ana” shows: In Me-
3 Ancient Athens e.g. is just shown as one town dieval times all
omitting certain information. shows basic symbols for storehouses amongst others and the imperial palaces of Co- roads led to Rome.
It was never only about providing (corn, horses …), bathing possibilities logne and Trier are also displayed very “reduced”
with simple twin towers as marking. The History
the reader of the map with basic facts, 4 Keyword ecumenism, in: Lexikon der Geographie Collection/Alamy
but also conveying certain images. In 2 Lehmann 2015, p. 45. (engl. Dictionary of Geography). Stock Foto
Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport 9
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The knowledge of distance and the From a production point of view, dis- are largely shaped by companies.5 Ad-
ways to get there was henceforth both tance is that aspect of the travel pro- ditionally, many touristic long-haul
science and treasure, which was art- duct which needs to be overcome. For destinations can be found in coun-
fully manifested and presented in the demander, or tourist, the distant tries with autocratic political and so-
splendid globes and atlases. And it destination is the goal he is eager to cial structures, which are character-
meant the power to conquer, build reach no matter how far he must tra- ised by corruption and clan economy.
colonial empires as well as build up vel. Reducing the distance brings the Both lead to a very uneven distribu-
and run strategic bastions for trading traveller closer to the destination. tion of income and wealth effects
and military purposes. Globalisation Although geographical distances from tourism.
in its early form. on earth are per se given, overcoming It is because of these develop-
them has, due to technical develop- ments that the negative external ef-
2. D
istance in the tourist economy ments, become easier and cheaper in fects of long-distance trips have
Tourism management, the economic the past few centuries. The market for strongly increased. Although many
perspective on tourism, combines long-distance trips has grown on both people are well aware of increasing
the physical distance with the actual sides. On the supply side, the number climate change, the waste of fossil re-
execution of the long-distance trip of destinations has grown continu- sources and the stress on indigenous
which has to be produced and mar ously, on the demand side, the num- cultures, they are unwilling to change
keted. ber of people who can afford long-dis- their behaviour when it comes to
tance trips has increased. The type of long-distance trips. A small-scale ex-
2.1Supply: Distance as production destinations and the travel direction ample of this whole large-scale ab-
programme have also changed: In the past few surdity are the Maldives.6 The small
For mobility providers such as air- decades, exotic dream destinations island state with its more than 1,000
lines, railway or shipping companies, were followed by primary producing islands is situated in the Indian Ocean
the geographical distance is of ut- countries and emerging markets like and is a popular destination with
most importance when it comes to the United Arab Emirates, while at the newly-weds on honeymoon and di-
planning and cost estimating. In com- same time destinations in “the old vers. At the same time, it has become
parison to short and middle distan- world” of Europe have become more a symbol of the threat posed by rising
ces, flying includes many more book- popular with tourists from source sea levels as it is only about one metre
ing classes, the load on the aircraft is markets like China and India. above sea level. While climate change
Holiday paradise
a different one (fewer starts and lan- As a whole, the tourism economy is threatening the island, the garbage
Maldives – but how
dings) and personnel deployment has as a result become globalised to a much longer? island of the atoll (Thilafushi) is grow-
planning is complex (rest periods, ro- very great extent. The economic Jag_cz/stock.
ing one square metre per day. The
tation planning). structures of long-distance tourism adobe.com capital Malé is the world’s most
densely populated city. Although the
government has often, through spec-
tacular projects, drawn attention to
the threat posed by climate change to
their state, they want to increase the
number of tourists from 1.7 million
(2017) to 6–7 million per year. Are
they staging their own demise as a
large, schizophrenic party?
This very symbolic example can-
not however hide the fact that
long-distance trips are viewed, made
and assessed in quite different ways.
Many long-distance trips cross bor-
ders and therefore count as interna-
tional tourism.7 In Australia for exam-
ple one must actually board a plane
to leave one’s own country. People
love flying from there to Thailand for
the weekend to go shopping, buy tai-
lor-made suits, etc. It is the combina-
tion of extremely low fares and cheap
handmade articles that makes such
5 Cf. Friedl 2002, p. 99-112.
6 Cf. here and in the following Gutke 2018.
7 Cf. Steinecke 2014, p. 21.
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long-distance trips appear economi-
cally viable in comparison to buying
suits tailored in Sydney or Perth. Cen-
tral Europeans on the other hand love
to escape winter and head towards
summer in the southern hemisphere,
for psychological rather than eco-
nomic reasons however.
Although there are obviously dif-
ferent motives behind such divergent
long-distance travel behaviour, there
seem to be some similarities in terms
of the characteristics of long-distance
trips and the travellers themselves.
2.2 D
emand: Distance as stimulus
and condition
Among the possibilities for categori-
sing touristic services demand, physi-
cal distance is only one of many; it
belongs to the sub-category which de-
scribes the travel behaviour of tour
ists.8 Thus, physical distance is initial-
ly not a central travel motive or trig-
ger to which suppliers of touristic ser- Here, the geographical destinations Malé, capital of the perience of differences.”9 The tourist
Maldives, is the
vices align their products. The latter are determined by the locations of breaks with everyday life and seeks il-
most densely popu-
include in particular: one’s own company or those of one’s lated city in the lusory and counter-worlds. At the
•• City tours business partners. world. same time, and this is crucial here,
•• Recreation/seaside tourism Although “travels broaden the Kalyakan/stock. the tourist uses the trip to stage-
adobe.com
•• Adventure tourism mind” – most long-distance trips are manage a part of his identity. Especi-
•• Event tourism strictly speaking not necessary. They ally the long-distance trip is an iden-
•• Trips to relatives do not serve to fulfil basic needs but tity-defining project – the traveller
•• Health tourism (wellness, preventi- are distraction, inspiration and lei- may be geographically far away from
on, rehab, treatment…) sure activity. People from economi- home but wants to get close to him-
The destination of all these and other cally well-developed regions claim a self. In alien environments the long-
forms of travelling may be geographi- “right to long-distance trips” for distance traveller tends even more so
cally close or “faraway”. Geographical themselves, which is fully decoupled to behave habitually and communi-
distance is thus often only the se- from the responsibility for the exter- cates this accordingly. As such, tour
condary criterion. For the leisure trav nal effects of these trips. Local and ism becomes a part of the story that
eller it however becomes a primary mostly necessary job and private mo- people tell about themselves via vari-
destination and booking criterion if bility are passionately questioned ous media.
the geographical component is neces- and criticised, even in cities where the Self-portraits of long-distance
sary for the fulfilment of one of the air quality has continuously become travellers are as multi-layered as they
trip’s primary requirements: better and better during the past dec- are meaningful. There have been and
•• Climate/weather: warm in winter, ades. How come long-distance trips still are desperate, over-staged pic-
cool in summer (summer fresh- escape such criticism? ture shows: previously as slide show
ness), wind for sailing Here, the sociological view on evenings, today via Instagram, Snap-
•• Physical conditions like height tourism adopted below helps. chat etc. From a sociological and psy-
(climbing, hiking) or water (water chological point of view one can easi
sports) 3. Distance from a touristic-socio- ly compare the old forms with the
•• Presence of a certain attractor (natu- logical point of view new ones, they are uniform rituals for
ral phenomenon, world heritage Sociology allows deeper considerati- describing illusory individuality and
site, city, culture, event). on of the above-mentioned psycholo- lifestyle. Many deliberately decide
Also, business travellers are often gical meaning and understanding of not to be standard: Backpackers for
long-distance travellers. Of course, distance. This also applies to the so- example see themselves not as tour-
travel motivation here often is more ciological view on tourism: Tourism ists but as a “higher travel species” of
of a travel obligation, but not only. in a sociological sense is among other global travellers.10 Because of their
8 Cf. Schmude/Namberger 2010, p. 62.
things “(…) social behaviour whose 9 Heuwinkel 2019, p. 206.
subjective meaning includes the ex- 10 Cf. Binder 2005, p. 112-118.
Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport 11
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great numbers and often also ritual-
ised behaviour, they are in the end,
however, tourists like all the others:
The “I” is paramount. From a socio
logical point of view, international
business travellers, however, can be
characterised as business nomads.
Many of them see themselves as in-
ter-cultural cosmopolitans with
flight-mile status and a lifestyle tak-
ing in business lounges, dress codes
and business dinners.
Of course not all long-distance
trips are ego trips. They also promote
international understanding, ex-
change, reflection and many other
aims. One must however see this in
the context of current social develop-
ments which are mostly about living
out individual interests, sensitivities
and power11 than conveying socially
supportive values.
What is today becoming manifest
on the micro-level of individual
long-distance trip behaviour could, in
part, be observed on the macro-level
150 years ago: man’s pursuit – no mat-
ter where he is – of his own self. As an
example, the major European powers
in their colonial empires at the end of some neo-colonial characteristics. Bil- Closeness in the Bibliography:
distance: German
the 19th century replicated their lions of tourists act out their life- Binder, Jana (2005): Globality. Eine Ethnogra-
colonial architec-
home countries in the colonies styles, use the resources in the desti- ture in Swakop- phie über Backpacker. Münster.
through architecture, rituals and the nation country and thus create a part mund, Namibia.
Friedl, Harald A. (2002): Tourismusethik. The-
names they gave to places. Travelling of their own identity. Of course, they Felix Kolbeck orie und Praxis des umwelt- und sozialver-
träglichen Fernreisens. München, Wien.
to distant destinations today also has also pay for it – whether they pay
Gutke, Thomas: Klimawandel – Die Male-
11 Concerning the meaning of power in tourism
enough, however, is a different ques- diven kämpfen gegen den Untergang; in:
compare Heuwinkel 2019, p. 129-134. tion. Südwestpresse vom 13.09.2018, https://
www.swp.de/politik/ausland/die-ma-
lediven-kaempfen-gegen-den-unter-
gang-27671612.html [25.01.2019]
Heuwinkel, Kerstin (2019): Tourismussozio-
logie. Konstanz und München.
Lehmann, Stefan (2015): Die Tabula Peutin-
geriana – eine spätantike Straßenkarte des
Prof. Dr. Felix Kolbeck, Imperium Romanum; in: Fikentscher, R.: Rei-
Dean, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Department of Tourism sekulturen in Europa, S. 37–53.
Lexikon der Geographie auf spektrum.de
unter https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/
In our digital age people consider themselves closer to people far away, al- geographie/oekumene/5675 [15.01.2019]
though anonymity and distance are greater in the global networks than in
real life. Maybe this is also a reason for the unbroken strong growth in the Schmude, Jürgen/Namberger, Philipp (2010):
market for long-distance trips: To be actually close to somebody or some- Tourismusgeographie. Darmstadt.
thing, and even if it is myself, I must go there. To go on a voyage of discovery Steinecke, Albrecht (2014): Internationaler
like the “great sailors” in the late middle ages, in search of new horizons. Tourismus. Konstanz und München.
12 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport
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Climate protection and long-distance trips
A conflict impossible to resolve?
Thomas Bausch, Andreas Humpe Air traffic contributes significantly 2020. In a second stage the target is to
to the greenhouse effect reduce emissions by 2050 to half the
The percentage of CO 2 emissions level of the year 2005.3 This obligation
Wanderlust – beautiful and cheap
caused by air traffic for all types of is however based on the voluntari-
Anyone reading through the bargains carbon emissions is estimated to be ness of the member countries and
offered by airlines and tour operators 2.5 % to 3 %.1 Assessments of the ef- has therefore been described by envi-
in December 2018 and January 2019 is fects of the total emissions caused by ronmental organizations as not very
astonished at the prices: fly Lufthansa air traffic however vary. Whereas the ambitious. The fact alone that emis-
to Los Angeles for € 320 or to New aviation industry constantly empha- sions are allowed to increase up until
York for € 317, a trip with Condor to sises that there is no scientific evi- 2020 does not paint a very reliable
the Canary Islands for € 29 or to Van- dence that their emissions have a dif- picture of the industry’s willingness
couver for € 299. TUI offers flights “at ferent effect than those caused by to take its responsibility.
half price” from € 29 to Mallorca or other means of transport, scientists
from € 325 to Bangkok. Air travel has point out that air traffic emissions Few long-distance trips – a lot of
never been cheaper. Cruise lines also such as nitrogen oxide, water vapour, greenhouse gas
promote bargains, for example AIDA fine dust, condensation trails and What are current trends on the de-
a week to the Canaries and Madeira changes in cirrus clouds cause an ad- mand side? A detailed analysis of the
from € 429 on its new flagship ditional warming effect. These scien- holiday trips made by Germans al-
AIDAnova, or Thailand, Malaysia and tists assume that the actual contribu- lows statements, at least valid for Ger-
Singapore on the AIDAbella from tion to global warming is at least many. Looking at the number of long-
€ 929 including full board and flight. twice as high.2 Nevertheless the avia- haul trips as a percentage of all the
At the same time cruise passengers tion industry agrees that it too has an holiday trips made by German holi-
on the AIDAnova have a good con- obligation to help meet the climate daymakers, the initial picture does
science when they hear that thanks to targets laid down in the Paris and Kat- not seem to be a problem. Only 9.5 %
using LNG (liquefied natural gas) as towitz agreements. In October 2016, a of all holiday trips by Germans were
fuel the cruise is well on the way to total of 191 countries signed up to an long-haul trips, meaning trips of
being an emission-free one. These ex- UN agreement aimed at reducing, by more than 6,000 kilometres to the
Singapore – one of
amples are reasoning the authors to the year 2035, carbon emissions destination. This corresponds to 6.6
the most visited ci-
take a closer look at the emissions caused by air traffic to the level of ties in the world. million holiday trips in travel year
caused by journeys out and back to 1 Cf. Klimaschutz-Portal. anekoho/adobe. 3 Cf. Milman 2016.
long-haul destinations. 2 Cf. Sullivan 2018. stock.com
24 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport
Ferne
2017 (own analysis based on data of ist demand in Germany is very Alps (17.4 %) which are a relatively
the German Reiseanalyse 2018). strongly concentrated on the sum- close destination. The percentages of
The volumes quoted do not how- mer months. More than half of all greenhouse gas emissions caused by
ever reflect the CO2 equivalents of the holiday trips (51.1 %) take place within the journeys out and back, expressed
greenhouse gases caused by the emis- a three-month period (July to Sep- in CO2 equivalents, now leap up fur-
sions from the holiday journeys out tember), whereas only 14.5 % of holi- ther: long-haul trips account for
and back. Based on the average CO2 day trips are made in the five cold 72.8 % and the Mediterranean desti-
equivalents of the emissions caused months from November to March. nations and the Canaries for a further
by different means of transport4 and This means that the big companies in 23.2 % – together therefore 96 % of all
estimated distance to the destination, the industry, with their extraordinary greenhouse gas emissions. The fre-
taking Frankfurt as starting and refer- high investment costs, are therefore quently heard harsh criticism of the
ence point for all holiday trips, the under enormous pressure to generate environment effects of winter tour-
CO2 equivalents for the holiday trips revenue also in the months when de- ism in the Alps thus pales into insig-
in travel year 2017 were estimated. mand is weak in order to at least help nificance given a percentage figure of
Table 1 gives an overview of the re- cover the fixed costs. Extremely high only 0.8 % of emissions for a market
sults. Although long-haul trips ac- investment costs are the financing share of 17.4 % of holiday trips.
count for only 9.5 % of all holiday costs and depreciations. For this rea- Besides cheap flights, the increas-
trips, they are responsible for half of son bargain prices in the winter ing market share of the cruise ships is
the greenhouse gas emissions. With months are used to ensure a suffi- a significant driver of long-haul trips.
one third of all holiday trips, the ciently high occupancy rate for the Between 1980 and 2016 the market for
Mediterranean destinations and the aircrafts and the cruise ships. cruises increased by 7 % annually and
Canaries have a noticeably higher The result of this price dumping there is no end in sight to this growth.5
market share and account for 41 % of is immediately reflected in market For example the AIDAnova with its
the greenhouse gases. Thus more shares, which have been increasing 6,600 beds, which was put into service
than 90 % of the emissions contribut- steadily for years although the total in 2018, operates round trips in the
ing to the global warming problem volume of holiday trips has remained winter months between Madeira and
are caused by less than one half of all almost constant. Whereas between the Canaries. The flights out and back
holiday trips. April and October, when demand is for these guests alone produce approx.
strong and holidays are expensive, 9,850 tonnes of CO2 equivalents of
Dumping prices in winter as a long-haul trips only account for a greenhouse gas emissions weekly. But
result of the need to fill seats to pretty low 7.2 % of the total number of this is only part of the balance.
meet high fixed costs holidays, they are becoming increas-
The prices quoted at the beginning of ingly popular in winter and already Cruises: clean ships but no clean
this article also underline the fact make up 23 % of the total winter holi- climate “slate”
that both the airlines and the cruise day travel market and are thus only The cruise industry has an oligopo
lines are faced with a dilemma. Tour- slightly behind the Mediterranean listic structure and approximately
Deutsche Fassung
4 Cf. German Federal Environmental Agency – data in der App verfüg-
destinations and the Canaries (25.3 %), 5 Cf. Chang et al. 2017 and FCCA 2017.
for reference year 2017. bar but already noticeably ahead of the
Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport 25Ferne
CO2 equivalents of the greenhouse gas emissions caused by holiday trips (journey out and back) made by the Germans in the travel
year 2017
Absolute no. As a percent Total CO2 in kg of CO2 per CO2 as a Total km As a
of holiday age of all trips millions of journey out/ percentage for holiday percentage
2017 total trips (5 days tonnes back share for all trips in of the km for
or more) in trips millions of km all trips
millions
The Alps (AT, CH, D, FR, IT) 18.04 25.9 0.77 43 2.2 8,695 7.1
Domestic without the Alps 6.17 8.9 0.32 52 0.9 3,359 2.7
Rest of Europe without the Mediterranean 15.48 22.3 2.02 130 5.6 13,496 11.0
Mediterranean and Canaries 23.26 33.4 14.71 632 41.0 44,359 36.1
Long-haul trips (rest of world) 6.63 9.5 18.03 2,719 50.3 53,029 43.1
Total 69.58 100.0 35.85 515 100.0 122,938 100.0
Absolute no. Share of trips Total CO2 for kg of CO2 per CO2 as a Total km As a percent
Winter trips
of winter trips in percent winter trips journey out/ percentage for winter trips age of the km
January – March 2017 and
in millions Winter in millions of back share for all in millions for all winter
November – December 2017
tonnes winter trips of km trips
The Alps (AT, CH, D, FR, IT) 1.76 17.4 0.07 41 0.8 811 2.8
Domestic without the Alps 2.17 21.4 0.12 54 1.3 1,179 4.1
Rest of Europe without the Mediterranean 1.30 12.9 0.18 136 1.9 1,143 3.9
Mediterranean and Canaries 2.56 25.3 2.12 828 23.2 6,172 21.2
Long-haul trips (rest of world) 2.32 23.0 6.66 2,871 72.8 19,798 68.0
Total 10.11 100.0 9.15 905 100.0 29,103 100.0
Absolute no. Share of trips Total CO2 for kg of CO2 per CO2 as a per Total km for As a percent
Summer trips of summer in percent summer trips journey out/ centage share summer trips age of the km
April – October 2017 trips in mil- Summer in millions of back for all summer in millions for all summer
lions tonnes trips of km trips
The Alps (AT, CH, D, FR, IT) 16.28 27.4 0.70 43 2.6 7,884 8.4
Domestic without the Alps 4.00 6.7 0.20 50 0.8 2,180 2.3
Rest of Europe without the Mediterranean 14.18 23.8 1.84 130 6.9 12,353 13.2
Mediterranean and Canaries 20.70 34.8 12.58 608 47.1 38,187 40.7
Long-haul trips (rest of world) 4.31 7.2 11.37 2,637 42.6 33,231 35.4
Total 59.47 100.0 26.69 449 100.0 93,834 100.0
Source/data basis: Reiseanalyse 2018 FUR data set. Trips weighted with an extrapolation factor in millions as well as German Federal Environmental Agency – data for
reference year 2017.
80 % of all passengers are served by ring an annual passenger volume of 7-day cruise in the Mediterranean
three large groups.6 As the two big- 26 million guests8 this gives a calcula- ~ 1.4 tonnes of CO2 per passenger and
gest companies (70 % market share) ted average of 0.81 tonnes of CO2 per trip.10 Moreover, the annual emissi-
publish their CO2 emissions, the passenger and trip. As trip lengths ons by the cruise industry amount to
emissions for the entire cruise indus- may vary a lot, with the help of the an estimated 453,000 tonnes of nitro-
try can be estimated at around 21 mil- published passenger days per year, gen oxide (NOx), 291,000 tonnes of
lion tonnes of CO2 for 2017.7 Conside- the average CO2 emission per passen- sulphur (SOx) and 12,000 tonnes of
ger and day was also calculated.9 In fine dust (PM). This means an average
6 Cf. Chang et al. 2017 and Cruise Market Watch.
7 The calculation is based on the figures published in the case of 14-day cruises with long- of 460g of fine dust, 17 kg of NOx and
the Sustainability Report by Carnival and Royal Ca-
haul destinations, the result was a CO2 8kg of SOx per passenger and trip. In
ribbean 2017 (cf. Carnival Corporation & plc 2017).
According to Cruise Market Watch 2018a, Carnival emission of ~ 4.3 tonnes and for a comparison to this the fine dust
and Royal Caribbean have a market share of about
8 Cf. Cruise Market Watch 2018b.
threshold value for cars from Euro 5b
70 % and the emissions calculated by us for the en-
tire industry are extrapolations for 100 % based on 9 The calculation is based on the Carnival and Ro- is 0.0045 g/km.11 The fine dust emis-
the 70 % share of Carnival and Royal Caribbean. Ac- yal Caribbean passenger days, extrapolated for
cording to Cruise Market Watch the cruise industry the entire industry (source: Bloomberg and own 10 Extrapolation analogous to footnote 7.
had approx. 26 million passengers in 2018. calculations). 11 Cf. Wiesinger 2018.
26 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management PassportFerne
sion per passenger and trip is thus the duction in emissions of barely 20 % are then not available elsewhere.
equivalent of driving 102,000 kilo- by no means results in an environ- Moreover, the LNG itself is increas-
metres by car. If the threshold value ment-friendly cruise ship. Using LNG ingly being transported on freight
of 0.08 g/km for NOx is taken for does indeed reduce NOx emissions by ships across the Atlantic from the
Euro 6b on, the emission calculated 80 %14; in view of the still very high USA to Europe, which means even
per passenger and trip is the equi levels of greenhouse gas emissions more emissions. And finally, a lot of
valent of driving 217,000 kilometres this is however poor consolation for the gas from the USA is won by frack-
per car. our climate. Moreover, a high price is ing, which on the one hand itself re-
According to own statements of paid for the 20 % reduction in CO2 di- quires a very high energy input to ex-
the AIDA cruises company, using LNG rectly emitted by the AIDAnova as a tract it and, on the other hand, is as-
reduces the CO2 emissions caused by result of using LNG. First of all the gas sociated with further considerable
the AIDAnova by 20 %.12 Although has to be liquefied at great expense ecological problems.15
NABU (German Society for Nature and this requires a substantial input CO2 emissions cau- There is therefore absolutely no
sed by air traffic
Conservation) awarded the AIDAnova of energy. In the process either addi- contribute signifi- foundation for claiming that the
four green ship’s propellers13, a re tional CO2 is produced, or regenera- cantly to global cruise industry practices sustainabil-
warming.
12 Cf. Aida Cruises. tive energy sources are used which ity or that it has made progress on cli-
13 Four green ship’s propellers is the highest rating Kovalenko I/ mate protection. The spectrum of
possible in the annual NABU Cruise Ship Ranking. 14 Cf. Aida Cruises. adobe.stock.com
cruise ships is however broad and
ranges from old ships running exclu-
sively on heavy oil without any af-
ter-treatment of the emissions, to a
Russian nuclear icebreaker for trips to
the North Pole16 and the LNG-driven
AIDAnova. Even if the latter can claim
progress in the case of some emission
types it too, as flagship, is not eco-
friendly and by no means a climate-
friendly cruise ship. There is no such
thing and there is not going to be one
in the foreseeable future.
Long-haul trips too cheap –
consumers expect action by the
politicians instead of greenwa
shing by the industry
The pressure on the investment in-
tensive sub-sectors of the airlines and
the cruise lines to optimally use capa-
city all year round acts as an emis
sions booster on the holiday travel
market in winter. The cruise fleets are
moved to warm and thus faraway
destinations with an exotic image
and the airlines serve these destina-
tions with their fleets. For the disast-
rous emissions figures not to attract
too much attention, AIDA runs a
greenwashing campaign which – as
described above – even NABU fell for
by awarding four green ship’s pro
pellers.
At the same time the general pub-
lic and the consumers have long real-
ized that there is a link between long-
haul trips and climate change. In a
current study by the Department of
Tourism of the Munich University of
15 Cf. Götze 2018.
16 Cf. Augsburger Allgemeine.
Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport 27Ferne
Applied Sciences, of the 650 people SUV drivers believes that voluntari- There are no eco- Klimaschutz-Portal: Klimakiller Nr. 1? htt-
friendly cruise ships ps://www.klimaschutz-portal.aero/klimakil-
interviewed nationwide in Germany ness works, still believes in the man in ler-nr-1/ [31.01.2019]
yet.
who go on holiday trips in winter, the moon”, said one of the respon Milman, O. (2016): First deal to curb avi-
Pierrette
around two-thirds of them respon dents. Moreover, the example men- uertin/adobe.
G
ation emissions agreed in landmark UN
accord. https://www.theguardian.com/
ded positively in terms of the effec- tioned above shows that large corpo- stock.com environment/2016/oct/06/aviation-emissi-
tiveness and acceptance of measures rations interpret voluntariness in ons-agreement-united-nations [31.01.2019]
to reduce CO2. The choice of measures their own very peculiar way: they use Sullivan, A. (2018): Der Klimawandel und das
was very wide: a tax on kerosene, spe- CO2 monsters to wash their slate Fliegen. https://www.dw.com/de/der-kli-
mawandel-und-das-fliegen/a-42094220
cial charges for long-haul flights, legal green and offload their burden on the [31.01.2019]
obligation for airlines to annually re- environment elsewhere. Umweltbundesamt (2017): Vergleich der
duce their emissions per passenger durchschnittlichen Emissionen einzelner
Verkehrsmittel im Personenverkehr – Be-
by 5 % or mandatory identification of Bibliography: zugsjahr 2017. https://www.umweltbun-
flights using a CO2 colour coding sys- desamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/366/
AIDA Cruises: Erstes LNG Kreuzfahrtschiff. bilder/dateien/vergleich_der_durchschnitt-
tem. When asked where the responsi- https://aida.de/kreuzfahrt/schiffe/aidanova/ lichen_emissionen_einzelner_verkehrsmit-
umwelt [31.01.2019] tel_im_personenverkehr_bezugsjahr_2017.
bility lies for carrying out such meas-
Augsburger Allgemeine: Auf zum Nordpol – pdf [31.01.2019]
ures, the top answer given by re-
Reisen mit dem Atomeisbrecher. https://azol. Wiesinger, Johannes (2018): Abgaswerte
spondents was the state (47 %), fol- de/35912472 [07.02.2019] (Euro Einstufungen). https://www.kfztech.
lowed by industry (36 %) and way Carnival Corporation & plc (2017): Sustaina- de/kfztechnik/motor/abgas/abgaswerte.
bility from ship to shore, FY2017 Sustainabi- htm [31.01.2019]
down in last place the consumers
lity Report. http://carnivalsustainability.com/
themselves (17 %). Young people in download-files/2017-carnival-sustainabili-
particular criticised the fear of politi- ty-full.pdf [31.01.2019]
cians to exercise in concrete terms Chang, Y. T., Lee, S. und Park, H.K. (2017): Effi-
ciency analysis of major cruise lines, Tourism
the mandate given to them by the Management, 58.
public. In a previous online discus-
Cruise Market Watch. https://cruisemarket-
sion forum also conducted by the De- watch.com [31.01.2019]
partment of Tourism it became clear Cruise Market Watch (2018a): 2018 World
that young voters expect politicians wide Cruise Line Market Share. https://
cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share
to formulate goals and then speedily [31.01.2019]
make them law. In their eyes only the
Cruise Market Watch (2018b): 2018 Cruise
legislature can enforce laws which on Market Source Region. https://cruisemarket-
watch.com/passenger-origins [31.01.2019]
balance are perceived as fair and at
the same time can meet the challenge FCCA – Florida-Caribbean Cruise Associ-
ation (2017): Cruise Industry Overview
of curbing climate change. The young – 2017. http://www.f-cca.com/download-
generation has long since lost any be- s/2017-Cruise-Industry-Overview-Crui-
se-Line-Statistics.pdf [31.01.2019]
lief in the effectiveness of voluntari-
Götze, S. (2018): Schmutziges Erdgas aus
ness, whether on the part of industry Übersee. https://www.klimareporter.de/in-
or on the part of the consumers ternational/schmutziges-erdgas-aus-ueber-
see [31.01.2019]
themselves. “Whoever in a land of
28 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management PassportFerne
Experts exchange ideas in the Far East
Conference visit in Bangkok and
competences required for the 21st century
The International Panel of Experts regular benchmarking at the partici- with an internationally relevant and
(IPoE) forum in Bangkok, one of the pating institutions or supports the high-quality education.
most visited cities in the world, took partner network by providing a plat-
place from 11 – 14 November 2018. form for an exchange of ideas and in- Topic overview
Under the title “Creating Advanced formation in the field of teaching and Under the broad conference heading
Learning Experiences” representatives research. “Creating Advanced Learning Experi-
from universities from all over the The forum thus promised to pro- ences” an intensive exchange of ideas
world met to debate university edu vide interesting impulses with regard on a wide range of topics took place in
cation in the field of Tourism and to content, both from the organizers the four days. For example, a workshop
Hospitality. as well as from the participants, from on the subject “How much practical ex-
the field of international tourism and perience should a study programme
Background hospitality education. At the same Prof. Dr. Marion
include?” clearly illustrated how valua-
Rauscher with col-
The IPoE forum was taking place for time it offered an ideal framework for leagues from the ble a semester-long work placement,
the twelfth time. The mix of partici- reinforcing the department’s interna- Thai host university. which is an integral part of the curricu-
pants was very international, with tional network, which is important Marion Rauscher lum at universities of applied sciences,
representatives for example from especially in the dedicated field of
Australia, from Asian countries such Tourism and Hospitality. Through the
as Singapore, Malaysia or Qatar and exchange with international col-
from European countries such as the leagues, university lecturers pick up
Netherlands, Austria or France. Ger- stimulating ideas with regard to cur-
many was represented by the Depart- ricular and didactic approaches. They
ment of Tourism of the Munich Uni- get to know and understand branch
versity of Applied Sciences. trends and future developments in
The organizers THE-ICE, the Inter- other geographical regions so as to
national Centre of Excellence in Tour- suitably implement them in their
ism and Hospitality Education, is an own teaching and research. This also
international accreditation and qual- benefits the students, who have to be
ity control agency. Its network mean- prepared for a career in an interna-
while includes more than 30 private tional environment. It is of central
and public universities, vocational importance for their education that
training institutions and private ho- they become well-informed cosmo-
tel management colleges in 14 coun- politans so that they can understand
tries. In the field of accreditation, it is the wishes and needs of guests from
one of the biggest agencies world- diverse markets and adequately take
wide specialising in Tourism and these into consideration. In the final
Hospitality degree programmes. In analysis the aim of international
addition to classical programme ac- teaching and research cooperation
creditation, the THE-ICE also does is to be able to provide students
30 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management PassportFerne
Competences required in the
21st century
Changes in the labour market
The labour market worldwide has
been and still is changing rapidly.
Jobs which have existed for decades
are being taken over by automated
systems and robots. Whole occupa-
tional fields are disappearing and
new ones are being created, or will be
in the coming decades. Due to tech-
nological change alone, McKinsey es-
timates that on average up to 14 % of
workers will have to change to a dif-
ferent category of work by 2030. The
biggest upheaval is expected to occur
in the more advanced economies,
with a figure of 33 % expected for Ger-
many and, by comparison, only 6 %
is, compared to the short work place- transparent student or lecturer clear- Animated exchan for India.1 Whereas many occupation-
ges of ideas in the
ments of around two weeks common ly went much too far for some of the al fields will disappear by 2030 due to
workshops and
at some international universities. workshop participants, and under the working groups. the use of new technology, the study
The subject of another work session General Data Protection Regulations Marion Rauscher
assumes that there will be a net gain
was how much, and which, technolo- in place in Europe is presumably very of new jobs created.2
gies a Tourism and Hospitality degree difficult to implement anyway. New technologies are however
programme needs. Multi-user simu- Finally, the topic of teaching only one aspect of the disruption on
lation environments (MUSEs), gami- across cultural boundaries was also the job market. A changing way of
fication or the use of 3D and VR tech- discussed, including the question of working caused for example by flex
nologies are only some of the instru- how to teach Tourism and Hospitality ible work assignments, the rise in
ments discussed in the session. The “graciously”. This English term, which population paired with demographic
use of technology in the classroom is a matter of course in large areas of change, climate change and dwin-
was a much more controversial issue. Asia, is yet alone difficult to translate dling natural resources, rapid urbani
All the participants were principally into German or other languages. The zation and increasing social and cul-
in favour of using technology in the conclusion reached was that the dif- tural diversity also contribute to it.
classroom – on the one hand to de- ferent aspects of this topic can only Taking all these trends into conside
velop the students’ technological be learned to a certain degree in the ration, a current study by the World
competence and on the other hand to classroom. To fully appreciate its ex- Economic Forum expects that almost
engage and integrate them actively tent and depth, it is necessary how half of the skills currently important
into the teaching. Opinions on how ever to live and experience “Gracious for doing a job will have changed by
much technology to use however va- Tourism and Hospitality”. And seen 2022.3 The biggest need for change is
ried. The use of iPads at a university against this background it is essential expected to occur in air traffic and in
in Singapore serves as an example. for students in this dedicated field to the travel and tourism industry. The
There, in particular courses, each stu- acquire every kind of international companies interviewed in the study
dent as well as the lecturer is given an competence possible. said that by 2022 it will be necessary
iPad with an app to contact each Different teaching and research for 68 % of their workforce to adapt
other. Using the app the students can approaches as well as curriculum con- their skills to meet new require-
‘raise their hand’, give the lecturer tents were discussed both in the ments.4
feedback on the current speed of de- working groups and on the periphery In short, students on the internatio
livery, start a chat or initiate a plenary of the conference. Despite a certain nal education market today have to
discussion, take notes, ask questions diversity of concepts and methods, have noticeably different competen-
and so on. Afterwards all activities the discussions also revealed a lot of cies than only five years ago, if they
can be statistically evaluated and similarities. On the meta level in par- want to succeed on the job market.
traced back to the individual student: ticular, the participants in the discus-
who performed particularly well, who sions largely agreed that teaching
was the most active participant, what “21st century competences”, a term 1 Cf. McKinsey Global Institute (2017), p. 11.
2 Cf. ibid., p. 14.
was the feedback for the lecturer like, which has meanwhile firmly estab- 3 Cf. World Economic Forum (2018), p. 22.
Deutsche Fassung
how often did the student not under- lished itself, should be an integral in der App verfüg-
4 Cf. ibid., p. 17.
stand something etc. This type of part of university education. bar
Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management Passport 31Ferne
Figure 1 compares the top 10 skills Communication
and collaboration
needed for the international job mar-
are very important
ket in 2018 with those for 2022.5 for working in agile
Skills which will remain impor- teams.
tant, or become even more relevant, Jakob Lund/
stock.adobe.com
are e.g. analytical thinking and inno-
vativeness as well as active learning
and the developing of learning strat-
egies. This is necessary in order for
students to be able to continuously
adapt to changing requirements or
even to promote such requirements.
The above-described technological
change in the job market is reflected
in the marked increase in importance Learning competencies and interpreted and then put into
of the competencies technology de- Figure 2 categorizes the skills needed context, which requires critical think
sign and programming or system for the 21st century.6 On the left-hand ing and competency in solving prob-
analysis and evaluation. At the same side we have the 4 “Cs”: Creativity, Cri- lems. This is the only way the proces-
time however skills such as creativity, tical Thinking, Communication and sor can recognize new structures,
originality and own initiative, critical Collaboration. These are underpin question trains of thought and inter-
thinking, leadership competence or ned by information literacy and the link information. Interestingly, the
emotional intelligence, i.e. those basic everyday life skills on the right- problem solving skill is universally
skills which in contrast to the hand side. The first category defines listed among the most important
above-mentioned ones emphasize the type of thinking and learning. skills in all countries, whereas there
the human element, are all listed Creativity and innovation empower are slight variations in the ranking
among the top 10. That equally ap- students to consider data from diffe- order of the other skills depending on
plies to skills such as resilience, ser- rent perspectives in order to then the geographical region.7 Since com-
vice orientation or flexibility which process them in various ways. This al- petences first of all need to be trained
are admittedly not among the top 10 lows them to generate their own and exercised, students have to en
but are nevertheless high up on the ideas and approaches. To do so, infor- gage with their own thought proces-
ranking list. mation must first of all be analysed ses. Learning how to learn is thus the
On this basis the necessary learn- framework in which to develop the
ing competences can now be derived, Figure 1: Compari- 6 The categorization is based on ATC21S “Assess- skills. The aim in this category is for
meaning the mental processes re- son of the top 10 ment & Teaching of the 21st Century Skills”, a students to first actually recognize
skills for the global project carried out by the University of Melbour-
quired to be able to adapt and devel- labour market in ne and sponsored by Cisco, Intel and Microsoft. problems in their future working en-
op today’s and tomorrow’s working 2018 and 2022. Further classifications can be found in the lite- vironment and then not only solve
rature on the subject. Basically however they
environment. Future of Jobs all deal with the same competencies. Compare these problems but also to sub
Survey 2018, World for example Ananaisadou, K., Claro, M. (2009) or
sequently avoid these problems and
5 Cf. World Economic Forum (2018), p. 12. Economic Forum OECD (2018).
develop improved and more innova-
tive approaches. To support students
2018 2022 in this process it is helpful to let the
Analytical thinking Analytical thinking students work out and find solutions
and innovation and innovation themselves in their learning environ-
ment and to dovetail learning across
Complex problem-solving Active learning and learning strategies
various departments and disciplines.
Critical thinking and analysis Creativity, originality and initiative The way of working is character-
ized by the collaboration and com-
Active learning and learning strategies Technology design and programming
munication listed in the second cate-
Creativity, originality and initiative Critical thinking and analysis gory. Working in agile teams with ex-
perts from various disciplines not
Attention to detail, trustworthiness Complex problem-solving only leads to innovative, problem-
solving oriented approaches, it also
Emotional intelligence Leadership and social influence
develops the ability to find compro-
Reasoning, problem-solving mises through critical reflection on
Emotional intelligence
and ideation one’s own work and on that of the
Leadership and Reasoning, problem-solving others. That requires flexibility and
social influence and ideation adaptability from each participant if
Coordination and time management System analysis and evaluation
7 Cf. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015), p. 8.
32 Ausgabe 01|2019 Tourismus Management PassportSie können auch lesen
