Manuscript cultures ISSN 1867-9617 - CSMC
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mc NO 15 2020
manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
PUBLISHING INFORMATIONPUBLISHING
| MANUSCRIPT CULTURES | MANUSCRIPT
INFORMATION
PUBLISHING INFORMATION | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
PUBLISHING INFORMATION | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
Impressum Impressum PUBLISHING INFORMATION | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
Publishing Information
Publishing
PublishingInformation
Information
Ausstellungskatalog „Die Macht der Schrift: Die Manuskriptkultur
Ausstellungskatalog der Toba-Batak
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Natural Sciences, Technology and Informatics
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428384899 4899 D-20354 Hamburg ISSN 1867–9617 ISSN 1867–9617
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irina.wandrey@uni-hamburg.de
irina.wandrey@uni-hamburg.de
www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de ISSN 1867–9617
Fax No.: +49 (0)40 42838 4899 Fax No.: +49 (0)40 42838 4899 © 2020
ISSN
ISSN1867–9617
1867–9617 © 2020
irina.wandrey@uni-hamburg.de irina.wandrey@uni-hamburg.de Centre
© 2020 for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures www.degruyter.com
ISBN 978-3-11-072349-6
ISSN 2365-9696
Universität
Centre©©for
2019
2019 Hamburg Universität Hamburg
the Study of Manuscript Cultures
www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de
www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de Warburgstraße
SFB950
SFB 950
Universität 26
‘Manuskriptkulturen
‘Manuskriptkulturen
Hamburg Warburgstraße
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Asien, und26Europa’
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www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de D-20354
www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de Warburgstraße Hamburg
Universität26Hamburg
Universität Hamburg D-20354 Hamburg
Warburgstraße
Warburgstraße
D-20354 Hamburg 26 26
D-20354Hamburg
D-20354 Hamburg
manuscript cultures manuscript cultures mc NO 14
manuscript cultures mc NO 15
manuscriptcultures
manuscript cultures mc NOO 13CONTENTS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES 1
CONTENTS
3 | Editorial
by Oliver Hahn, Volker Märgner, Ira Rabin, and H. Siegfried Stiehl
ARTICLES
5 | On Avoiding Segmentation in Handwritten Keyword Spotting: Overview and Perspectives
Marçal Rusiñol*
11 | Writer Identification and Script Classification: Two Tasks for a Common Understanding of Cultural Heritage
Dominique Stutzmann, Christopher Tensmeyer, and Vincent Christlein*
25 | Z-Profile: Holistic Preprocessing Applied to Hebrew Manuscripts for HTR with Ocropy and Kraken
Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra and Hayim Lapin*
37 | On Digital and Computational Approaches to Palaeography: Where Have we Been, Where Are we Going?
Peter A. Stokes*
47 | Creating Workflows with a Human in the Loop for Document Image Analysis
Marcel Gygli (Würsch), Mathias Seuret, Lukas Imstepf, Andreas Fischer, Rolf Ingold*
53 | Building an Evaluation Framework Researchers Will (Want to) Use
Joseph Chazalon*
61 | Turning Black into White through Visual Programming: Peeking into the Black Box of Computational Manuscript
Analysis
Vinodh Rajan Sampath and H. Siegfried Stiehl*
73 | Legally Open: Copyright, Licensing, and Data Privacy Issues
Vanessa Hannesschläger*
77 | A Comparison of Arabic Handwriting-Style Analysis Using Conventional and Computational Methods
Hussein Mohammed, Volker Märgner, and Tilman Seidensticker
87 | Illuminating Techniques from the Sinai Desert
Damianos Kasotakis, Michael Phelps, and Ken Boydston
91 | Image Quality in Cultural Heritage
Tyler R. Peery, Roger L. Easton Jr., Rolando Raqueno, Michael Gartley, and David Messinger
105 | When Erased Iron Gall Characters Misbehave
Keith T. Knox
115 | ‘Dürer’s Young Hare’ in Weimar – A Pilot Study
Oliver Hahn, Uwe Golle, Carsten Wintermann, and Ira Rabin
mc NO 15 manuscript cultures2 CONTENTS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
123 | Material-Technical Details on Papyrus as Writing Support
Myriam Krutzsch
133 | The Techniques and Materials Used in Making Lao and Tai Paper Manuscripts
Agnieszka Helman-Ważny, Volker Grabowsky, Direk Injan and Khamvone Boulyaphonh
163 | Inks Used to Write the Divine Name in a Thirteenth-Century Ashkenazic Torah Scroll: Erfurt 7 (Staatsbibliothek zu
Berlin, Or. fol. 1216)
Nehemia Gordon, Olivier Bonnerot, and Ira Rabin
185 | Contributors
manuscript cultures mc NO 15CONTRIBUTORS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES 185
Contributors Vincent Christlein
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Department of Computer Science
Olivier Bonnerot
Martensstraße 3
BAM Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Division 4.5
Unter den Eichen 44-46 eMail: vincent.christlein@fau.de
12203 Berlin, Germany
Roger L. Easton Jr.
Universität Hamburg
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
Rochester Institute of Technology
Warburgstr. 26
54 Lomb Memorial Drive
20354 Hamburg, Germany
Rochester, NY 14623-5604, USA
eMail: olivier.bonnerot@bam.de
eMail: rlepci@cis.rit.edu
Khamvone Boulyaphonh
Andreas Fischer
Buddhist Archives of Luang Prabang
University of Fribourg
Sala Thammavihan, Vat Suvannakhili
Department of Informatics
06000 Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
PER 21 bu. B429
eMail: khamvone.boulyaphonh@gmail.com Boulevard de Pérolles 90
1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Ken Boydston eMail: andreas.fischer@unifr.ch
MegaVision Inc.
P.O. Box 60158 Michael Gartley
Santa Barbara, CA 93160, USA Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science
eMail: ken@mega-vision.com Rochester Institute of Technology
54 Lomb Memorial Drive
Rochester, NY 14623-5604, USA
Joseph Chazalon
EPITA Research and Development Laboratory (LRDE) eMail: mxgpci@rit.edu
14-16 rue Voltaire
94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Uwe Golle
Klassik Stiftung Weimar (KSW)
eMail: joseph.chazalon@lrde.epita.fr
3.6 Abteilung Restaurierung, Direktion Museen
Burgplatz 4
Vincent Christlein
99423 Weimar, Germany
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Department of Computer Science eMail: uwe.golle@klassik-stiftung.de
Martensstraße 3
91058 Erlangen, Germany
eMail: vincent.christlein@fau.de
mc NO 15 manuscript cultures186 CONTRIBUTORS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
Marcel Gygli (Würsch) Vanessa Hannesschläger
Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz – Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Hochschule für Technik ACDH-CH – Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
Institut für Interaktive Technologien Sonnenfelsgasse 19
Bahnhofstrasse 6 1010 Wien, Austria
5210 Windisch, Switzerland
eMail: vanessa.hannesschlaeger@oeaw.ac.at
eMail: marcel.gygli@fhnw.ch
Agnieszka Helman-Ważny
Nehemia Gordon Universität Hamburg
Bar-Ilan University Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
Bible Department Warburgstr. 26
Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel 20354 Hamburg, Germany
eMail: ngordon4@gmail.com eMail: agnieszka.helman-wazny@uni-hamburg.de
Volker Grabowsky Lukas Imstepf
Universität Hamburg University of Fribourg
Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften Department of Informatics
Asien-Afrika-Institut PER 21 bu. B429
Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Flügel Ost Boulevard de Pérolles 90
20146 Hamburg, Germany 1700 Fribourg, Switzerlan
Universität Hamburg eMail: Lukas.imstepf@unifr.ch
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
Warburgstr. 26 Rolf Ingold
20354 Hamburg, Germany University of Fribourg
Department of Informatics
eMail: volker.grabowsky@uni-hamburg.de
PER 21 bu. B429
Boulevard de Pérolles 90
Oliver Hahn
1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Universität Hamburg
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures eMail: rolf.ingold@unifr.ch
Warburgstr. 26
20354 Hamburg, Germany Direk Injan
Chiang Mai Rajabhat University
eMail: oliver.hahn@uni-hamburg.de
Office of Arts and Culture
BAM Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing
202 Chang Phueak Road, Tambon Chang Phueak
Division 4.5
Mueang Chiang Mai District
Unter den Eichen 44-46
Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
12203 Berlin, Germany
eMail: direkcmru@gmail.com
eMail: oliver.hahn@bam.de
manuscript cultures mc NO 15CONTRIBUTORS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES 187
Damianos Kasotakis Hussein Mohammed
Early Manuscripts Electronic Library (EMEL) Universität Hamburg
904 Silver Spur Road, #254 Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
Rolling Hills Estates, California 90274, USA Warburgstr. 26
20354 Hamburg, Germany
eMail: damian07@gmail.com eMail: hussein.adnan.mohammed@uni-hamburg.de
Keith T. Knox Tyler R. Peery
Early Manuscripts Electronic Library Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science
Rochester Institute of Technology
2739 Puu Hoolai Street 54 Lomb Memorial Drive
Kihei, Hawaii 96753, USA Rochester, NY 14623-5604, USA
eMail: knox@cis.rit.edu eMail: tp5281@rit.edu
Myriam Krutzsch Michael Phelps
Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection SMB Early Manuscripts Electronic Library (EMEL)
Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 6 904 Silver Spur Road, #254
10117 Berlin, Germany Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274, USA
eMail: aemp@smb.spk-berlin.de
eMail: mphelps@emelibrary.org
Volker Märgner
Technische Universität Braunschweig Ira Rabin
Institut für Nachrichtentechnik Universität Hamburg
Schleinitzstraße 22 Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures
38106 Braunschweig, Germany Warburgstr. 26
20354 Hamburg, Germany
Universität Hamburg
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures eMail: ira.rabin@uni-hamburg.de
Warburgstr. 26
BAM Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing
20354 Hamburg, Germany
Division 4.5
eMail: maergner@ifn.ing.tu-bs.de Unter den Eichen 44-46
12203 Berlin, Germany
David Messinger
eMail: ira.rabin@bam.de
Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rolando Raqueno
54 Lomb Memorial Drive
RDSC – Rochester Data Science Consortium
Rochester, NY 14623-5604, USA
260 East Main Street, Suite 6108
eMail: dwmpci@rit.edu Rochester, NY 14604, USA
eMail: rraqueno@cs.rochester.edu rdsc@rochester.edu
mc NO 15 manuscript cultures188 CONTRIBUTORS | MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
Vinodh Rajan Sampath H. Siegfried Stiehl
Universität Hamburg Universität Hamburg
Department of Informatics Department of Informatics
Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30 Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30
22527 Hamburg, Germany 22527 Hamburg, Germany
eMail: vinodhrajan.sampath@uni-hamburg.de eMail: stiehl@informatik.uni-hamburg.de
Marçal Rusiñol Peter A. Stokes
Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona École Pratique des Hautes Études – Université PSL
Computer Vision Center, Section des Sciences Historiques et Philologiques
Dept. Ciències de la Computació, Edifici O 4-14 rue Ferrus
08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain 75014 Paris, France
eMail: marcal@cvc.uab.es eMail: peter.stokes@ephe.psl.eu
Tilman Seidensticker Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Ècole Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)
Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Section des Sciences Historiques et Philologiques
Seminar für Orientalistik 4-14 rue Ferrus
Zwätzengasse 4 75014 Paris, France
07743 Jena, Germany
eMail: Daniel.Stoekl@ephe.psl.eu
Universität Hamburg
Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures Dominique Stutzmann
Warburgstr. 26 Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes, CNRS
20354 Hamburg, Germany 14, cours des Humanités
93322 Aubervilliers Paris, France
eMail: tilman.seidensticker@uni-jena.de
eMail: Dominique.stutzmann@irht.cnrs.fr
Mathias Seuret
University of Fribourg Christopher Tensmeyer
Departement of Informatics Brigham Young University
DIVA Research Group Dept. of Computer Science
Boulevard de Pérolles 90 Provo, UT 84602, USA
1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
eMail: tensmeyer@byu.edu
eMail: mathias@seuret.com
Carsten Wintermann
Klassik Stiftung Weimar (KSW)
3.6 Abteilung Restaurierung, Direktion Museen
Burgplatz 4
99423 Weimar, Germany
eMail: carsten.wintermann@klassik-stiftung.de
manuscript cultures mc NO 15Written Artefacts as Cultural Heritage
Ed. by Michael Friedrich and Doreen Schröter
Written Artefacts as Cultural Heritage was established in scholars working in the fields of manuscript cultures and
2020. The series is dedicated to the double role of written heritage studies.
artefacts as representations and generators of humankind’s Every volume of Written Artefacts as Cultural Heritage
cultural heritage. Its thematic scope embraces aspects of has been peer-reviewed and is openly accesible. There is an
preservation, the identity-defining role of artefacts as well as online and a printed version..
ethical questions. If you wish to receive a copy or to present your research,
The mix of practical guides, colloquium papers and please contact the editorial office:
project reports is specifically intended for staff at libraries https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/publications/cultural-
and archives, curators at museums and art galleries, and heritage.html
CENTRE FOR THE
STUDY OF
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No 1manuscript cultures (mc)
Editors: Michael Friedrich and Jörg B. Quenzer
Editorial office: Irina Wandrey
CSMC’s academic journal was established as newsletter of on the objects studied; it contributes to a larger historical
the research unit ‘Manuscript Cultures in Asia and Africa’ and systematic survey of the role of written artefacts in
in 2008 and transformed into a scholarly journal with the ancient and modern cultures, and in so doing provides a new
appearance of volume 4 in 2011. manuscript cultures foundation for ongoing discussions in cultural studies.
publishes exhibition catalogues and articles contributing to Every volume of manuscript cultures has been peer-
the study of written artefacts. This field of study embraces reviewed and is openly accessible:
disciplines such as art history, codicology, epigraphy, history, https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/publications/mc.html
material analysis, palaeography and philology, informatics If you wish to receive a copy or to present your research in
and multispectral imaging. our journal, please contact the editorial office:
manuscript cultures encourages comparative approaches, irina.wandrey@uni-hamburg.de
without regional, linguistic, temporal or other limitations
manuscript cultures 14 manuscript cultures 13
mc NO 13 2019
mc NO 14 2020
manuscript cultures manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
cluster of excellence
understanding
written artefacts
manuscript cultures 11 manuscript cultures 10
2018 mc No 11 2018
mc No 10 2017 mc No 10 2017
manuscript cultures
manuscript cultures
manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
Natural Sciences and Technology in Manuscript Analysis
ISSN 1867–9617
© SFB 950
a und Europa’
“Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa”
Universität Hamburg
www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de
Warburgstraße 26 www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de
D-20354 Hamburg
No 11
No 10manuscript cultures 9 manuscript cultures 8
2016mc N 8 2015 mc No 8 2015
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2016 mc No 9
manuscript cultures manuscript cultures
manuscript cultures
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Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617 Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
Wunder der erschaffenen Dinge: osmanische Manuskripte in Hamburger Sammlungen
ISSN 1867–9617
© SFB 950
“Manuskriptkulturen in Asien, Afrika und Europa”
Universität Hamburg
www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de Warburgstraße 26 www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de
D-20354 Hamburg
No 9
No 8
manuscript cultures 7 manuscript cultures 6
mc No 7 2014 mc No 6 2014
manuscript cultures manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617 Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
CENTRE FOR THE
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manuscript cultures 5 manuscript cultures 4
mc No 5 2012/2013
Newsletter No 4 2011
manuscript cultures manuscript cultures
manuscript cultures
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures ISSN 1867–9617
Hamburg | Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) IssN 1867–9617RES
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fifteenth-
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their visual appearance, their meaning, function and
their visual appearance, their meaning, function and their usage in different their usage in different
times, Dunhuang
domains, and
22 – domains,
times, andManuscript
cultures.
22 – Dunhuang
cultures. Culture: Manuscript
End of the Culture: First Millennium
End of the , First
New release New release by Imre Galambos by Imre Galambos
20 –––Fakes
20
20 Fakes and
andand
Fakes Forgeries
Forgeries of Written
of Written
Forgeries of Written Artefacts
ArtefactsArtefacts
from Ancientfrom Ancient
from Ancient
SMC
Dunhuang
MesopotamiaManuscript
to Culture
Modern explores
Dunhuang
China, the
edited world
Manuscript by of Chinese
Culture
Cécile manuscripts
explores
Michel
Mesopotamia to Modern China, edited by Cécile Michel and Michael the
andworld from
of Chinese ma
Michael
Mesopotamia to Modern China, edited by Cécile Michel and Michael
SMC
ninth–tenth century Dunhuang, an oasis city along the network of pre-modern
22
ninth–tenth century Dunhuang, an oasis city along the network
22
New release Friedrich
Friedrich
Imre Galambos Imre Galambos Friedrich
routes known today collectively as thetoday
Silk Roads. The manuscripts have been
DUNHUANG MANUSCRIPT CULTURE
Imre Galambos
routes known collectively as the Silk Roads. The manusc
DUNHUANG MANUSCRIPT CULTURE
Imre Galambos
DUNHUANG DUNHUANG
ninth to tenth The book explores the world of Chinese manuscripts from ninth to tenth
ntres around century Dunhuang, an oasis city along the Silk Roads. It centres around
a unique local four groups of manuscripts and argues for the existence of a unique local
discovered
Fakes in 1900 are
and forgeries
forgeries in
areaobjects
sealed-off
objects
discovered side-chamber
of fascination.
fascination.
in of volume
This
1900 in aThis avolume
Buddhist
sealed-off cave atemple,
contains
side-chamber aseries
series
of a Buddhis
e book makes a
MANUSCRIPT Fakes and of contains
culture combining Chinese and Central Asian elements. The book makes a
MANUSCRIPT
on along the Silk contribution to the study of cultural and linguistic interaction along the Silk
Roads at the end of the first millennium CE.
monographs and
THE SERIES: STUDIES IN MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
The series Studies in Manuscript Cultures (SMC) publishes monographs and
CULTURE where
of
CULTURE
of theyarticles
thirteen
thirteen had lain
articles undisturbed
devoted
devoted tofakes
where
to forand
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and
had almost
lain nine
forgeries hundred
ofwritten
written
undisturbed
of years.
artefacts
forartefacts
for The
from
almost
from dis-
thehundred
nine
the
covery comprised tensininof thousands oftotexts,
tenswritten in over twenty
texts,different
END OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
beginnings of writing
writing Mesopotamia
covery comprised to modern China.
of China.
thousands Theof studies empha-in over tw
written
acts. This field of END OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
beginnings of Mesopotamia modern The studies empha-
collective volumes contributing to the study of written artefacts. This field of
pigraphy, history, study embraces disciplines such as art history, codicology, epigraphy, history,
material analysis, palaeography and philology.
l, linguistic, SMC encourages comparative approaches, without regional, linguistic,
languages anddistinctions
scripts, including Chinese, Tibetan, Old Uighur,
Chinese,Khotanese,
ributes to a larger
sise the subtle
subtle distinctions conveyed
languages and byscripts,
anestablished
established
including vocabulary relating
Tibetan,totoOld Uigh
temporal or other limitations on the objects studied; it contributes to a larger
sise the conveyed by an vocabulary relating
acts in ancient historical and systematic survey of the role of written artefacts in ancient
ation for ongoing and modern cultures, and in so doing provides a new foundation for ongoing
discussions in cultural studies.
Sogdian
the and
reproduction Sanskrit.
of This
ancient study centres
artefacts and around
This
production four
the reproduction of ancient artefacts and production of artefacts claimingfour
Sogdian and Sanskrit. groups
study
of of
centres
artefacts manuscripts
around
claiming toto groups
from
be
be the mid-ninth
ancient:
ancient: to the
from copies,
from copies, fromlatethe
replicas
replicas tenth
andcenturies,
mid-ninth
and imitations
imitations atoto
to the period
late
fakes
fakes when
tenth
and the region
andcenturies,
forgeries.
forgeries. was when
aFakes
period
Fakes
an
are independent
often a kingdom
response to aanruled
demand by
independentlocal
from families.
kingdom
the public The
ruled
or
are often a response to a demand from the public or scholarly milieu, or even central
by
scholarly argument
local families.
milieu, oris that central a
The
even
STUDIES IN
the manuscripts attest tothethe unique cultural diversity of the region during this
STUDIES IN
MANUSCRIPT CULTURES MANUSCRIPT CULTURES
both.
both. The motives
The motives behind
behind manuscripts
their
their production
production attest to the
may
may unique
be economic,
be economic, cultural diversity
political,
political, reli-of the reg
reli-
www.degruyter.com
period,
gious or
gious exhibiting
or personal – alongside
personal –– aspiring period,
aspiring to obvious
exhibiting
to fame
fame or Chinese
–
or simply elements
alongside
simplyplaying –
playingaajoke. the
obvious heavy
Chinese
joke.Fakes influence
Fakesmay elements
maybe be – the h
ISBN 978-3-11-072349-6
of Central
revealed
revealed byAsian
by cultures.
combining
combining theAs
of
the a result,
Central
study
study Asian
of
of it was
their
their muchAs
cultures.
contents,
contents, less ‘Chinese’
a result,
codicological,
codicological, than
it was much com-less ‘Chin
epigraphic
epigraphic
ISSN 2365-9696
monly
and portrayed
and palaeographic in modern
palaeographicanalyses, monly
analyses,and scholarship.
portrayed
andscientific The
in book
modern
scientificinvestigations. makes a contribution
scholarship.
investigations.However, The to the
certainmakes
However,certain book fa- a con
fa-
study
mous of cultural
mous unsolved and
unsolved cases linguistic
cases still study
still continue
continueinteraction
of cultural
to
to defy
defy along the
andtechnology
technology Silk Roads.
linguistic interaction
today,
today,no along
matterthe
nomatter how
how Silk Road
advanced
advanced itit is.
is. Nowadays,
Nowadays, oneone can
canfind
findfakes
fakesininmuseums
museumsand andprivate
privatecollec-
collec-
tions
tions alike;
alike; they
they abound
abound on
on the
the antique
antiquemarket,
market,mixed
mixedwith
withreal
realartefacts
artefactsthat
that
mc NO 14 have
have often
often been
been looted.
looted. The
The scientific
scientific community’s
community’s attitude
attitude totosuch
suchobjects
objects
calls
calls for
for ethical
ethical reflection.
reflection.Sie können auch lesen
